NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions and Answers and
Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which condition is characterized by the presence of at least 3.5 grams of
protein in the urine per day?
A. Nephrotic Syndrome
B. Acute Glomerulonephritis
C. Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury
D. Urinary Tract Infection
Answer: A
Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria (3.5g or more per
day), hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral edema.
2. A patient presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, and crackles on auscultation.
These symptoms are most indicative of:
A. Right-sided heart failure
B. Peripheral artery disease
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Left-sided heart failure
Answer: D
,Explanation: Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary congestion, causing fluid to leak
into the alveoli, resulting in respiratory symptoms.
3. What is the primary pathophysiology behind Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (ARDS)?
A. Excessive mucus production in the bronchioles
B. Loss of elastic recoil in the alveoli
C. Obstruction of the pulmonary artery by a clot
D. Widespread damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane
Answer: D
Explanation: ARDS is characterized by diffuse alveolar-capillary membrane damage,
leading to increased permeability and severe pulmonary edema.
4. A 65-year-old male with a history of smoking presents with a chronic cough
and barrel chest. Which condition is most likely?
A. Asthma
B. Emphysema
C. Pneumonia
D. Pulmonary Fibrosis
Answer: B
Explanation: Emphysema, a type of COPD, involves the destruction of alveolar walls and
air trapping, leading to a barrel chest appearance.
,5. Which type of anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor?
A. Iron deficiency anemia
B. Aplastic anemia
C. Pernicious anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
Answer: C
Explanation: Pernicious anemia is a megaloblastic anemia resulting from Vitamin B12
deficiency due to the absence of intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells.
6. Prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI) is most commonly caused by:
A. Nephrotoxic medications
B. Kidney stones
C. Decreased renal perfusion
D. Prostate hypertrophy
Answer: C
Explanation: Prerenal AKI results from conditions that decrease blood flow to the kidney,
such as hypovolemia, hypotension, or heart failure.
7. Which electrolyte imbalance is a hallmark of Stage 4 and 5 Chronic Kidney
Disease?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyponatremia
, C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypophosphatemia
Answer: C
Explanation: As kidney function declines, the ability to excrete potassium decreases,
leading to life-threatening hyperkalemia.
8. In the compensatory stage of shock, which mechanism helps maintain blood
pressure?
A. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
B. Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
C. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide
D. Vasodilation of peripheral vessels
Answer: B
Explanation: RAAS activation promotes sodium and water retention and vasoconstriction
to maintain perfusion during early shock.
9. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in extrinsic asthma?
A. Type II (Cytotoxic)
B. Type I (IgE-mediated)
C. Type III (Immune complex)
D. Type IV (Delayed)
Answer: B
Explanations | Latest - Chamberlain
1. Which condition is characterized by the presence of at least 3.5 grams of
protein in the urine per day?
A. Nephrotic Syndrome
B. Acute Glomerulonephritis
C. Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury
D. Urinary Tract Infection
Answer: A
Explanation: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria (3.5g or more per
day), hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral edema.
2. A patient presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, and crackles on auscultation.
These symptoms are most indicative of:
A. Right-sided heart failure
B. Peripheral artery disease
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Left-sided heart failure
Answer: D
,Explanation: Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary congestion, causing fluid to leak
into the alveoli, resulting in respiratory symptoms.
3. What is the primary pathophysiology behind Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (ARDS)?
A. Excessive mucus production in the bronchioles
B. Loss of elastic recoil in the alveoli
C. Obstruction of the pulmonary artery by a clot
D. Widespread damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane
Answer: D
Explanation: ARDS is characterized by diffuse alveolar-capillary membrane damage,
leading to increased permeability and severe pulmonary edema.
4. A 65-year-old male with a history of smoking presents with a chronic cough
and barrel chest. Which condition is most likely?
A. Asthma
B. Emphysema
C. Pneumonia
D. Pulmonary Fibrosis
Answer: B
Explanation: Emphysema, a type of COPD, involves the destruction of alveolar walls and
air trapping, leading to a barrel chest appearance.
,5. Which type of anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor?
A. Iron deficiency anemia
B. Aplastic anemia
C. Pernicious anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
Answer: C
Explanation: Pernicious anemia is a megaloblastic anemia resulting from Vitamin B12
deficiency due to the absence of intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells.
6. Prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI) is most commonly caused by:
A. Nephrotoxic medications
B. Kidney stones
C. Decreased renal perfusion
D. Prostate hypertrophy
Answer: C
Explanation: Prerenal AKI results from conditions that decrease blood flow to the kidney,
such as hypovolemia, hypotension, or heart failure.
7. Which electrolyte imbalance is a hallmark of Stage 4 and 5 Chronic Kidney
Disease?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyponatremia
, C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypophosphatemia
Answer: C
Explanation: As kidney function declines, the ability to excrete potassium decreases,
leading to life-threatening hyperkalemia.
8. In the compensatory stage of shock, which mechanism helps maintain blood
pressure?
A. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
B. Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
C. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide
D. Vasodilation of peripheral vessels
Answer: B
Explanation: RAAS activation promotes sodium and water retention and vasoconstriction
to maintain perfusion during early shock.
9. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in extrinsic asthma?
A. Type II (Cytotoxic)
B. Type I (IgE-mediated)
C. Type III (Immune complex)
D. Type IV (Delayed)
Answer: B
