Immunology Assessment: Innate and Adaptive Immunity, Humoral and Cell-Mediated Responses, Antigen Recognition, BCR/TCR Structure, Clonal Selection, Plasma Cells, Cytotoxic and Helper T Cells, Regulatory T Cells, NK and ILC Function, Phagocytes (Neutrophil

Immunology Assessment: Innate and Adaptive Immunity, Humoral and Cell-Mediated Responses, Antigen Recognition, BCR/TCR Structure, Clonal Selection, Plasma Cells, Cytotoxic and Helper T Cells, Regulatory T Cells, NK and ILC Function, Phagocytes (Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Monocytes), Granulocytes (Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast Cells), Professional APCs, Antigen Presentation (MHC I and II), Cytokines (IL-1, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, IFNs), Chemokines, Complement, Pattern Recognition Receptors (TLRs, NLRs, RLRs, CLRs, ALRs), Autophagy, Oxidative and Respiratory Bursts, NETs, Inflammation, Immunologic Memory, Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs (Bone Marrow, Thymus, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, NALT), Germinal Centers, Plasma and Memory Cells, Endothelial and Epithelial Barriers, Mucosal Immunity, Innate Immune Sensors (PAMPs/DAMPs), Historical Foundations (Jenner, Pasteur, Variolation, Herd Immunity), Immunodeficiencies (SCID, X-SCID, CGD), Autoimmunity Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Immunity a state of protection from infectious disease Variolation dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules were either inhaled or inserted into small cuts in the skin Edward Jenner made smallpox vaccine from cowpox Louis Pasteur grew bacterium that caused fowl cholera Herd Immunity the decrease in likelihood that a person will become infected with a pathogen if the majority of the population is vaccinated and immune Phagocytes certain white bloods cells that ingest microorganisms and other foreign material Cell Mediated Immunity When Metchinikoff noticed that these cells were more active in animals that were immunized, therefore thought cells rather than serum were major effectors of immunity Antibodies the soluble active molecules in the immunoglobulin fraction of serum Humoral Immunity the immunologic events that the antibodies (produced by B cells) participated in Antiserum the antibody-containing serum fraction from a pathogen-exposed individual Passive Immunity the transferring of immunoglobulins to treat a disease that the individual did not make on his or her own. short lived and limited. Active Immunity the administration of a vaccine to induce one's own immunity. long lived protection comes from memory cells that provides protection for years. Lymphocyte a type of white blood cell that is responsible for both cellular and humoral immunity. Antigen any substance that elicits a specific response by B or T lymphocytes. Clonal Selection Theory an individual B or T lymphocyte expresses many copies of membrane receptor that is specific for a single, distinct antigen. Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes detect changes that occur within the host cell by binding to the viral proteins present in the cytosol and initiate an early warning system to alert the cell about the invader. T Helper Cells Guide the behavior of other immune cells and are pivotal for selecting the pathway taken by the immune response Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Common foreign structures that characterize whole groups of pathogens and what the immune system frequently recognizes first. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Proteins encoded in the genomic DNA and are always expressed by many different immune cells. First line of defense for the quick detection of many of the typical chemical identifiers carried by the most common invaders and bind to PAMPs. Generation of Diversity To favor randomness in the design of some recognition molecules. B-Cell Receptors Recognition molecules that are in B cells and are antibodies in their secreted form. T-Cell Receptors Recognition molecules that are in T cells and have no soluble form. Tolerance Immune system's diversity strategy to avoid accidentally recognizing and destroying host tissue that relies on self/non-self discrimination. Danger Model Theory by Polly Matzinger that states the immune system constantly evaluates each new encounter more for its potential to be dangerous versus safe to the host than for whether it is self versus non-self. Alarmins Engage specific host recognition molecules that deliver a signal to immune cells to get involved during these unnatural causes of cellular death Innate Immunity Rapid but less pathogen-specific, using inherited recognition molecules and phagocytic cells C