PSIO 431 Exam 1
what does histamine do - ✔️✔️causes vasodilation and vascular permeability
what do the granule components of mast cells do - ✔️✔️call in neutrophils and
eosinophils
what is immediately degranulated by mast cells - ✔️✔️Tryptase, cytokines, histamine,
neutrophil chemotactic factor, eosinophil chemotactic factor
what do mast cells have to make - ✔️✔️prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, growth
factors
where are PRRs found - ✔️✔️on surface of T cells, B cells, neutrophils, almost all cells
Stimuli for acute inflammation - ✔️✔️infection, trauma, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies,
immune reactions, physical and chemical agents
acute inflammation signs - ✔️✔️redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
acute inflammatory response - ✔️✔️1. PRR recognizes PAMP or DAMP
2. Mast cells get activated by other cells recognizing problems
3. When mast cells activate they degranulate
4. Complementing cascade, coagulation cascade and kinin cascade activated.
Transudate - ✔️✔️plasma leaving vessel
exudate - ✔️✔️cells leaving vessel
lectin pathway - ✔️✔️activated by MANOS, MBL detects manos and binds to it which
activates serine protease MASP. C2 gets converted into C3 which gets converted into
C5 you get 6,7,8,9. Form MAC which makes a pore
coagulation cascade - ✔️✔️factor ten cleaves prothrombin to thrombin and thrombin
cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin
what does fibrin do - ✔️✔️clotting
plasma kinin cascade - ✔️✔️at the end of the cascade the final product is bradykinin
What does bradykinin do? - ✔️✔️inc vasodiltion, inc perm, inc pain
, Steps of how cascades work together in inflammation - ✔️✔️kinin is first to allow things
to enter field then coagulation and complement are next to block it off and kill pathogen
Diapedesis - ✔️✔️movement of a white cell from the blood into tissue
phases of phagocytosis - ✔️✔️1. recognize bacteria, stick out pseudopods to engulf it
2. can fully destruct bacteria or keep parts of it
Dendritic Cell - ✔️✔️more prevalent where we interact with the world, reports to cells of
adaptive immune
Dendritic cell mechanism - ✔️✔️Cytokines activate DC, once its activates it starts
eating. Goes into lymph system and moves to closest lymph node. If it is recognized
immune system is activated
Lymphocytes - ✔️✔️cells of the lymph node, they recognize foreign things
phagocytes - ✔️✔️specialized for eating
Mononuclear cells - ✔️✔️monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes
polymorphonuclear cells - ✔️✔️eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
Macrophage - ✔️✔️start life as monocyte after proper signals leave blood and move
into tissue and differentiate. Eat but not very smart so can eat person. After they eat
they present it to other cells. Can kill bacteria
Neutrophil - ✔️✔️Phagocyte but not as strong as macrophages. can get rid of
pathogens and cellular debris. Shape of nucleus allows it to travel where it needs to go.
eosinophil - ✔️✔️Granulocyte, only protects against parasites
basophil - ✔️✔️don't have a lot so they aren't well known, have histamine,
prostaglandin, and leukotriene in granules
hematocrit - ✔️✔️percentage of red cells to plasma
RBC - ✔️✔️25 and 30 trillion in body, 120 day life expectancy
Quantity of WBCs - ✔️✔️Neutrophils is the most -40-60
lymphocytes 20-40
monocytes 2-8
eosinophils 1-4
what does histamine do - ✔️✔️causes vasodilation and vascular permeability
what do the granule components of mast cells do - ✔️✔️call in neutrophils and
eosinophils
what is immediately degranulated by mast cells - ✔️✔️Tryptase, cytokines, histamine,
neutrophil chemotactic factor, eosinophil chemotactic factor
what do mast cells have to make - ✔️✔️prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, growth
factors
where are PRRs found - ✔️✔️on surface of T cells, B cells, neutrophils, almost all cells
Stimuli for acute inflammation - ✔️✔️infection, trauma, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies,
immune reactions, physical and chemical agents
acute inflammation signs - ✔️✔️redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
acute inflammatory response - ✔️✔️1. PRR recognizes PAMP or DAMP
2. Mast cells get activated by other cells recognizing problems
3. When mast cells activate they degranulate
4. Complementing cascade, coagulation cascade and kinin cascade activated.
Transudate - ✔️✔️plasma leaving vessel
exudate - ✔️✔️cells leaving vessel
lectin pathway - ✔️✔️activated by MANOS, MBL detects manos and binds to it which
activates serine protease MASP. C2 gets converted into C3 which gets converted into
C5 you get 6,7,8,9. Form MAC which makes a pore
coagulation cascade - ✔️✔️factor ten cleaves prothrombin to thrombin and thrombin
cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin
what does fibrin do - ✔️✔️clotting
plasma kinin cascade - ✔️✔️at the end of the cascade the final product is bradykinin
What does bradykinin do? - ✔️✔️inc vasodiltion, inc perm, inc pain
, Steps of how cascades work together in inflammation - ✔️✔️kinin is first to allow things
to enter field then coagulation and complement are next to block it off and kill pathogen
Diapedesis - ✔️✔️movement of a white cell from the blood into tissue
phases of phagocytosis - ✔️✔️1. recognize bacteria, stick out pseudopods to engulf it
2. can fully destruct bacteria or keep parts of it
Dendritic Cell - ✔️✔️more prevalent where we interact with the world, reports to cells of
adaptive immune
Dendritic cell mechanism - ✔️✔️Cytokines activate DC, once its activates it starts
eating. Goes into lymph system and moves to closest lymph node. If it is recognized
immune system is activated
Lymphocytes - ✔️✔️cells of the lymph node, they recognize foreign things
phagocytes - ✔️✔️specialized for eating
Mononuclear cells - ✔️✔️monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes
polymorphonuclear cells - ✔️✔️eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
Macrophage - ✔️✔️start life as monocyte after proper signals leave blood and move
into tissue and differentiate. Eat but not very smart so can eat person. After they eat
they present it to other cells. Can kill bacteria
Neutrophil - ✔️✔️Phagocyte but not as strong as macrophages. can get rid of
pathogens and cellular debris. Shape of nucleus allows it to travel where it needs to go.
eosinophil - ✔️✔️Granulocyte, only protects against parasites
basophil - ✔️✔️don't have a lot so they aren't well known, have histamine,
prostaglandin, and leukotriene in granules
hematocrit - ✔️✔️percentage of red cells to plasma
RBC - ✔️✔️25 and 30 trillion in body, 120 day life expectancy
Quantity of WBCs - ✔️✔️Neutrophils is the most -40-60
lymphocytes 20-40
monocytes 2-8
eosinophils 1-4
