CHEM210 / CHEM 210 Module 8 Exam | Latest 2026–2027 Update | Organic Chemistry | Portage Learning | Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A

CHEM210 / CHEM 210 Module 8 Exam | Latest 2026–2027 Update | Organic Chemistry | Portage Learning | Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A Q: True or False: The majority of reactions of the urea cycle occur in the cytosol. Answer true Q: True or False: FADH2 yields 2.5 ATP molecules after donating electrons and hydrogen atoms to the electron transfer chain (ETC). Answer False Q: True or False: ATP is invested in the urea cycle. Answer True Q: True or False: There are five complexes associated with the ETC. Answer False Q: True or False: In the production of ATP via ATP synthase, the H+ ions move from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. Answer False Q: The urea cycle involves _________ reactions (only those in the cyclic portion of the process). - 4 - 5 - 6 - 8 - 10 Answer - 4 Q: Which amino acids are involved in the urea cycle? A. Ornithine B. Aspartate C. Threonine D. Both A and B E. Both A and C Answer D. Both A and B Q: Fumarate reenters the mitochondrion as which of the following molecules? - Malate - Ornithine - Citrulline - Fumarase - Ammonia Answer - Malate Q: Urea is useful for excreting nitrogen from cells due to its: - Ability to hydrogen bond with water - Ability to form ions - Large size - Low melting point - None of these Answer - Ability to hydrogen bond with water Q: Which component of the urea cycle is also a member of the CAC? - Fumarate - Malate - Acetyl-CoA - Citrate - None of the above Answer - Fumarate Q: Oxidative deamination results in the removal of __________ from amino acids. A. N2 B. NH4+ C. NO2 D. NH2 E. NH3 Answer B. NH4+ Q: The following chemical species is __________. Answer Urea Q: NADH donates electrons and H+ to complex ______. I II III IV V Answer I Q: Which of the ETC complexes do pump H+ ions? Complex I Complex II Complex III Both A and B Both A and C Answer Both A and C Q: What protein shuttles electrons from Complex III to Complex IV? - NADH dehydrogenase - Arginase - Fumarase - Cytochrome B - Cytochrome C Answer - Cytochrome C Q: What molecule transfers electrons and H+ from both Complex I and Complex II to Complex III? - NADH - FAD - Cytochrome C - Cytochrome B - CoQ Answer - CoQ Q: In what portion of the mitochondrion does the CAC take place? - Matrix - Intermembrane space - Inner membrane - Outer membrane - Both B and C Answer - Matrix Q: At which complex does the following reaction take place? O2 + 4e- + 4H+ → 2H2O Complex I Complex II Complex III Complex IV Both A and B Answer Complex IV Q: During the electron transport chain, protons are pumped from _________ in the mitochondria. - From the intermembrane space to the cytosol - From the intermembrane space to the matrix - From the matrix to the intermembrane space - From outside of the cell to the cytosol - From outside of the cell to the matrix Answer - From the matrix to the intermembrane space Q: Energy released _________________ is utilized for the synthesis of ATP. - In the formation of ATP - In the digestion of proteins through the breakdown into the carbon skeleton - In the degradation of carbohydrates - As proton flow through ATP synthase - None of the above Answer - As proton flow through ATP synthase Q: At which part of ATP synthase is ATP produced? A. FO B. F1 C. Axel D. Stator E. Both A and C Answer B. F1 Q: An individual with the MERRF disease, tend to have symptoms of _________. - Blood pressure issues - headaches - High cholesterol - Muscle twitches - None of the above Answer - Muscle twitches Q: In mitochondria, the molecule that produces ATP is located in the _______. A. Intermembrane space B. Outer membrane C. Inner membrane D. Both A and B E. Both B and C Answer C. Inner membrane Q: What process results in ATP formation? A. H2O in ATP synthase B. GTP is produced first C. Heat applied to ATP synthase D. Rotation of ATP synthase E. None of the above Answer D. Rotation of ATP synthase Q: Which of the following is not a part of ATP synthase? A. F B. FO C. F1 D. F2 E. Both A and D Answer E. Both A and D Q: Use the word bank to fill in the following blanks. In the word bank, each word or words is separated by semicolons. Words can be used more than once, and not all words will be used. Answer Word bank: ADP and Pi; ATP; GTP; oxidative; reductive; citric acid cycle; electron transport chain; three; eight; ten Q: Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in ___(A)_____ phases using NADH and FADH2 generated from the ___(B)_____. Oxidative phosphorylation is the synthesis of ____(C)______ from ____(D)_______, using energy generated by the _____(E)______ reactions. Answer A) three B) citric acid cycle C)ATP D) ADP and Pi E) electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in three phases. The first phase in the flow of electrons to from NADH and FADH2. What happens after this first phase is complete? Answer The chemical reactions of the ETC provide energy to pump H+ ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. The reactions also provide electrons and H+ to convert oxygen into water. The net result is that the H+ gradients permit a flow H+ to rotation ATP synthase, producing ATP. Describe the critical structure of the mitochondrion that are important for the production of ATP. Answer This organelle is the central hub of the energy production in the cell and has a complicated structure including two membranes. The mitochondrion has an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The outer membrane is a bilayer that has porin proteins that permit ions and molecules to cross into the intermembrane space. The intermembrane space is the solution between the outer and inner membranes. The inner membrane is highly selective bilayer permitting only select ions and molecules to cross. The selectivity is crucial for maintaining specific concentrations of H+, ATP, and other species in the mitochondrial matrix. Also, the inner membrane contains the protein complexes of the electron transport chain, which accepts the electrons from the coenzymes. The matrix is the innermost space of mitochondrion where the citric acid cycle occurs along portions of fatty acid oxidation and the urea cycle. Once the NADH and FADH2 are produced by the citric acid cycle they are in proximity to the electron transport chain, so that donation of electrons and hydrogen ions is efficient. What is the "unifying" theory covered in this module? Answer Chemiosmotic theory How many ATP are produced per NADH molecule? Per FADH2 molecule? Answer 2.5 ATP produced per NADH; 1.5 ATP produced per FADH2 In the figure below, several portions of a molecule have dashed circles. Which portion of the molecule, A, B, C, or D, would be removed in oxidative deamination? Briefly explain. Answer Part D. The amine portion of the amino acid is removed in oxidative deamination. What happens to the carbon skeleton of an amino acid after it is separated from NH4+? Answer The carbon skeleton becomes acetyl-CoA, then ATP. Why is urea such a good molecule for excreting nitrogen from cells? Answer It has a high density of nitrogen in a small molecule, and it can form numerous hydrogen bonds with water. Given the urea cycle below: A. In the overall processing of NH4+, how many molecules of ATP are invested? B. What molecule from the urea cycle can enter the citric acid cycle? C. What is Pi? D. Which two amino acids were studied in Module 3? Answer A. 3 ATP molecules total. (2 ATP from Reaction-A and 1 in Reaction-2) B. Fumarate C. Inorganic phosphate or inorganic orthophosphate D. Aspartate and arginine What is an integral protein? Answer A protein firmly embedded in the lipid bilayer How many complexes are in the ETC? Answer Four complexes named complex I, II, III, and IV At which ETC complex is H2O produced? How is it produced? Answer At complex IV by the following reaction: O2 + 4e- + 4H+ → 2H2O What complex oxidizes NADH? How about FADH2? Answer Complex I for NADH. Complex II for FADH2. At which complex is water produced from oxygen? Answer Complex IV How is the H+ gradient formed? Answer Complexes I, III, and IV pump these ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space. What is the purpose of FO and F1 in ATP synthase? Answer FO contains the pore through which H+ ions flow causing its rotation. The rotation of FO causes F1 to catalyze the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi. What is the "unifying" theory covered in this module? Answer Chemiosmotic theory How many ATP are produced per NADH molecule? Per FADH2 molecule? Answer NADH- 2.5 ATP FADH2- 1.5 ATP In the figure below, several portions of a molecule have dashed circles. Which portion of the molecule, A, B, C, or D, would be removed in oxidative deamination? Briefly explain. Answer Part D. This is the amine portion of the amino acid. What happens to the carbon skeleton of an amino acid after it is separated from NH4+? Answer The carbon skeleton becomes acetyl-CoA, then ATP. Why is urea such a good molecule for excreting nitrogen from cells? It has a high density of nitrogen in a small molecule, and it can form numerous hydrogen bonds with water. A. In the overall processing of NH4+, how many molecules of ATP are invested? B. What molecule from the urea cycle can enter the citric acid cycle? C. What is Pi? D. Which two amino acids were studied in Module 3? A. 3 ATP molecules, overall. 2 ATP from Reaction-A and 1 in Reaction-2. B. Fumarate C. Inorganic phosphate or inorganic orthophosphate. D. Aspartate and arginine were studied in Module 3. What is an integral protein? A protein firmly embedded in the lipid bilayer How many complexes are in the ETC? Four complexes named complex I, II, III, and IV At which ETC complex is H2O produced? How is it produced? At complex IV by the following reaction: O2 + 4e- + 4H+ → 2H2O What complex oxidizes NADH? How about FADH2? Complex I for NADH. Complex II for FADH2. At which complex is water produced from oxygen? Complex IV How is the H+ gradient formed? Complexes I, III, and IV pump these ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space. What is the purpose of FO and F1 in ATP synthase? FO contains the pore through which H+ ions flow causing its rotation. The rotation of FO causes F1 to catalyze the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi. True or False: The majority of reactions of the urea cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix. False True or False: NADH yields 2.5 ATP molecules after donating electrons and hydrogen atoms to the electron transfer chain (ETC). True True or False: ATP is invested in the urea cycle. True True or False: There are four complexes associated with the ETC. True True or False: In the production of ATP via ATP synthase, the H+ ions move from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. False The urea cycle involves _________ reactions (only those in the cyclic portion of the process). 4 Which amino acids are involved in the urea cycle? ornithine, asparate, arginine Fumarate reenters the mitochondrion as which of the following molecules? malate Urea is useful for excreting nitrogen from cells due to its: high density of nitrogen atoms, water solubility Which component of the urea cycle is also a member of the CAC? fumurate Oxidative deamination of an amino acid results in a carbon skeleton and the formation of __________. NH4+ The following chemical species is __________. NH4+ ammonium NADH donates electrons and H+ to complex ______. 1 Which of the ETC complexes do pump H+ ions? complex 1, 3, 4 What protein shuttles electrons from Complex III to Complex IV? cytochrome c What molecule accepts electrons and H+ ions from complexes I and II and transfers them to complex III? CoQ In what portion of the mitochondrion is the ETC located? inner membrane At which complex does the following reaction take place? NADH + H+ + CoQ → NAD+ + CoQH2 complex 1 During the electron transport chain, protons are pumped from _________ in the mitochondria. From the matrix to the intermembrane space Energy released _________________ is utilized for the synthesis of ATP. As protons flow through ATP synthase and back into the mitochondrial matrix The H+ ions flow through what part of the ATP synthase? F0 An individual with the MERRF disease, tend to have symptoms of _________. muscle weakness ATP synthase is located in the __________ of mitochondria. inner membrane What process results in ATP formation? Rotation of ATP synthase Which of the following is not a part of ATP synthase? A. FO B. F1 C. F2 D. Axle E. Stator F2 (Fill in the blanks) Use the word bank to fill in the following blanks. In the word bank, each word or words is separated by semicolons. Words can be used more than once, and not all words will be used. Word bank: ADP and Pi; ATP; GTP; reductive; citric acid cycle; electron transport chain; three; eight; ten Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in ___(A)_____ phases using NADH and FADH2 generated from the ___(B)_____. Oxidative phosphorylation is the synthesis of ____(C)______ from ____(D)_______, using energy generated by the _____(E)______ reactions. A) three B) citric acid cycle C) ATP D) ADP and Pi E) electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in three phases. The first phase is the flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to the complexes. What happens after this first phase is complete? Explain in at least four complete sentences. The chemical reactions of the ETC provide energy to pump H+ ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. The reactions also provide electrons and H+ to convert oxygen into water. The net result is that the H+ gradients permit a flow H+ to rotation ATP synthase, producing ATP. Describe the critical structure of the mitochondrion that are important for the production of ATP. Explain in at least four complete sentences. This organelle is the central hub of energy production in the cell and has a complicated structure, including two membranes. The mitochondrion has an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The outer membrane is a bilayer with porin proteins that permit ions and molecules to cross into the intermembrane space. The intermembrane space is the solution between the outer and inner membranes. The inner membrane is a highly selective bilayer permitting only select ions and molecules to cross. The selectivity is crucial for maintaining specific concentrations of H+, ATP, and other species in the mitochondrial matrix. The inner membrane also contains the electron transport chain's protein complexes, which accepts the electrons from the coenzymes. The matrix is the innermost space of mitochondrion, where the citric acid cycle occurs along portions of fatty acid oxidation and the urea cycle. Once the NADH and FADH2 are produced by the citric acid cycle, they are in proximity to the electron transport chain, so that donation of electrons and hydrogen ions is efficient. Aqueous means Dissolved in water Where are catalysts written? On top of the arrow Law of Conservation of Mass/Matter Matter cannot be created or destroyed Remember to balance the equations Remember to balance the equations What are the diatomic elements? HOFBrINCl Synthesis (combination) - two or more substances combine to form a single substance A + B — AB Decomposition - one compound breaks into 2 or more products AB — A + B Single Replacement Reaction - one element replaces another element in a compound A + BC — AC + B - activity series of metals Activity series of metals Higher metals can kick out lower metals Double Replacement Reaction - chemical change involving the exchange of ions between 2 compounds AB + CD — AD + CB - occur in aqueous solutions Characteristics of double replacement reactions - occur in aqueous solutions - one product is only slightly soluble in water and forms a precipitate - one product is a gas - one product is a molecular compound such as water Combustion - chemical changes in which an element or compound reacts with O2 C?H? + O2 — CO2 + H2O OR C?H?O? + O2 — CO2 + H2O - often produces heat (smoke) and/or light Δ means Heat is supplied to the reaction (Seen in decomposition) Precipitate The solid produced in a reaction Catalyst Not used up in a reaction The reactants in a double replacement reaction are _______ Ionic compounds Use simplified signs Use simplified signs Nitrate NO3^- Nitrite NO2^- Hydroxide OH^- Phosphate PO4^-3 Carbonate CO3^-2 Acetate C2H3O2^- Sulfate SO4^-2 Sulfite SO3^-2 Mr. HO comes last! Mr. HO comes last! Fraction rule Need/have Multiply everything by 2 (Only use with O2) Ammonium NH4^+ Solutions are ______ Aqueous Criss-cross method Use when making ionic compounds (single & double replacements)