1. Photophobia : abnormal sensitivity to light due to:
a. corneal inflammation
6. Nyctalopia ; night blindness: [difficulty in seen in the dark ] due to :
b. aphakia
a. congenital [Retinitis pigmentosa]
c. iridocyclitis
b.Heriditary [optic nerve atrophy
d. occular albinism
c.Aquired [glaucoma ,O N atrophy , cataract ,retinal degeneration as in high myopia and
e. some drugs as acetazolamide or chloroquine
vit. A deficiecy
2. Chromatopsia: colour change due to :
5. Visual field defects ;
a. Erythropsia : red vision as in vitreous hemorrhage
Scotoma : disappearance of part of VF due to
b. Cynopsia: blue vision following cataract extraction.
a.corneal [ F.B ,Ulcer ,Wound Vascularization ,Opacity
c. Xanthopsia: yellow vision in jaundice.and digitalis toxicity
b. Anterior chamber : Hyphema , Hypopyon
3. Haloes or ring : colour haloes seen when looking to up right object or light due to
c. Lens : Opacities as cataract
a. glaucoma b.inciepent cataract c.corneal edema or infiltration.
d. Vitreous : opacities ,hges ,abscess
IN CATARAC HALOES SEEN BLACK AND WHITE BUT IN GLAUCOMA SEEN COLOURED
e. Retina : RD , tumour
4. Spots infront of the eye : patient sees dots or filaments moves with the eye ,
f. Optic nerve : papilloedema ,neuritis , papillitis
sometimes it is in the early stage of retinal hges. Floaters (Muscae volitans)
j. Brain : tumour ,hemiaopia ,injury
I). Subnormal V/A
10. Diplopia and Dizziness :
Diplopia : perception of two images of one single object . Has two types : *monocular :
7. Amaurosis fugax : transient ,monocular ,recurrent loss of vision due to early CVA . due to
Spasm of CRA , partial occlusion of internal carotid artery a. subluxation of the lens b.lenticular change
8. Photopsia : seen flashes of light due to :RD , PVD ,trauma , Retinal edema c.macular lesion d.hysteria
9.Dyschromatopsia (color blindness): Mainly hereditary but can be secondary to *binocular: due to squint
acquired or developmental abnormalities in the cones. Dizziness :not related to ophthalmology but because the patient can not fix his eyes on
Congenital: an object
- Is the most common type.
- It is inherited as x-linked recessive. 11.Metamorphopsia: distortion of normal shape of an object due to
- Occurs in 8% of males and 0.4% of females. a. astigmatism b.macular lesions
- More commonly partial when there is a deficiency affecting one of the cone types c. retinitis d. choroiditis e. RD
only (most frequently either green or red type). ♠ Macropsia : The objects appear larger than their real size, due to overcrowding of
Acquired: rods and cones.
- Optic nerve diseases>>>color desaturation. ♠ Micropsia : The objects appear smaller than their real size, due to separation of rods
and cones by retinal fluid.
♠ straight lines appearing wavy
A. Red eye: you must differentiate bet. B. Change in the appearance of eye ,lids and orbit :
1.Discoloration : congestion or redness of the lid and conjunctiva may be due to :
a. inflammatory reaction b.trauma
c.allergy d.subconjunctival hge
e.acute glaucoma.
*change in the colour of cornea →corneal ulcer or intraocular infection
Semiology *change of the colour of sclera →jaundice ,antimalarial drugs ,osteogenesis
imperfecta[blue],prolong use of silver compound or scleral degeneration in high myope
2. Swelling : in one lid→ localized abscess ,preseptal cellulitisBilateral→ blepharitis,
myoedema ,malignant exophthalmos , allergic reaction
3. Diplacement of the eye ball:
a. trauma → as fracture in the lower border of the orbit
b.exophthalmos
c.Enophthalmos: atrophy of the eye ball d.orbital mass
II) . Abnormal appearance:
C. Discharge or conjunctival secretions:
we must know the type of the discharge ; watery.purulent . Mucopurulent , mucoid and
when it occurs
1. Watery :due to ↑secretion of tear [lacrimation] as in irritation factors like FB or bright
light , psychological stimulation ,exposure in case of facial palsy , glaucoma ,
inflammation as viral infections , smoking or winds.or due to obstruction of lacrimal
drainage system [epiphora]
2.Purulent →gonoreal infection
3. Mucopurulent : bacterial infections
4. Mucoid : allergic conjuctivitis
🔹
headache ,eye ache ,burning ,itching sensations of eye or eye lids.
Headache :mild or moderate occurs towards the end of the day due to ↑work of the
III. Pain or Discomfort 🔹
eye and relieved by rest or sleeping and it is frontal and supraorbital.
Eye ache : due to extreme fatigue with or without extreme use of the eye due to: eye
🔹
strain , glaucoma ,uveitis ,fever ,retro bulbar neuritis ,muscle imbalance.
Burning and itching :a.eye strain [error of refraction] b.allergic c.chronic blepharitis
d.conjunctivitis
by fatema okoff
a. corneal inflammation
6. Nyctalopia ; night blindness: [difficulty in seen in the dark ] due to :
b. aphakia
a. congenital [Retinitis pigmentosa]
c. iridocyclitis
b.Heriditary [optic nerve atrophy
d. occular albinism
c.Aquired [glaucoma ,O N atrophy , cataract ,retinal degeneration as in high myopia and
e. some drugs as acetazolamide or chloroquine
vit. A deficiecy
2. Chromatopsia: colour change due to :
5. Visual field defects ;
a. Erythropsia : red vision as in vitreous hemorrhage
Scotoma : disappearance of part of VF due to
b. Cynopsia: blue vision following cataract extraction.
a.corneal [ F.B ,Ulcer ,Wound Vascularization ,Opacity
c. Xanthopsia: yellow vision in jaundice.and digitalis toxicity
b. Anterior chamber : Hyphema , Hypopyon
3. Haloes or ring : colour haloes seen when looking to up right object or light due to
c. Lens : Opacities as cataract
a. glaucoma b.inciepent cataract c.corneal edema or infiltration.
d. Vitreous : opacities ,hges ,abscess
IN CATARAC HALOES SEEN BLACK AND WHITE BUT IN GLAUCOMA SEEN COLOURED
e. Retina : RD , tumour
4. Spots infront of the eye : patient sees dots or filaments moves with the eye ,
f. Optic nerve : papilloedema ,neuritis , papillitis
sometimes it is in the early stage of retinal hges. Floaters (Muscae volitans)
j. Brain : tumour ,hemiaopia ,injury
I). Subnormal V/A
10. Diplopia and Dizziness :
Diplopia : perception of two images of one single object . Has two types : *monocular :
7. Amaurosis fugax : transient ,monocular ,recurrent loss of vision due to early CVA . due to
Spasm of CRA , partial occlusion of internal carotid artery a. subluxation of the lens b.lenticular change
8. Photopsia : seen flashes of light due to :RD , PVD ,trauma , Retinal edema c.macular lesion d.hysteria
9.Dyschromatopsia (color blindness): Mainly hereditary but can be secondary to *binocular: due to squint
acquired or developmental abnormalities in the cones. Dizziness :not related to ophthalmology but because the patient can not fix his eyes on
Congenital: an object
- Is the most common type.
- It is inherited as x-linked recessive. 11.Metamorphopsia: distortion of normal shape of an object due to
- Occurs in 8% of males and 0.4% of females. a. astigmatism b.macular lesions
- More commonly partial when there is a deficiency affecting one of the cone types c. retinitis d. choroiditis e. RD
only (most frequently either green or red type). ♠ Macropsia : The objects appear larger than their real size, due to overcrowding of
Acquired: rods and cones.
- Optic nerve diseases>>>color desaturation. ♠ Micropsia : The objects appear smaller than their real size, due to separation of rods
and cones by retinal fluid.
♠ straight lines appearing wavy
A. Red eye: you must differentiate bet. B. Change in the appearance of eye ,lids and orbit :
1.Discoloration : congestion or redness of the lid and conjunctiva may be due to :
a. inflammatory reaction b.trauma
c.allergy d.subconjunctival hge
e.acute glaucoma.
*change in the colour of cornea →corneal ulcer or intraocular infection
Semiology *change of the colour of sclera →jaundice ,antimalarial drugs ,osteogenesis
imperfecta[blue],prolong use of silver compound or scleral degeneration in high myope
2. Swelling : in one lid→ localized abscess ,preseptal cellulitisBilateral→ blepharitis,
myoedema ,malignant exophthalmos , allergic reaction
3. Diplacement of the eye ball:
a. trauma → as fracture in the lower border of the orbit
b.exophthalmos
c.Enophthalmos: atrophy of the eye ball d.orbital mass
II) . Abnormal appearance:
C. Discharge or conjunctival secretions:
we must know the type of the discharge ; watery.purulent . Mucopurulent , mucoid and
when it occurs
1. Watery :due to ↑secretion of tear [lacrimation] as in irritation factors like FB or bright
light , psychological stimulation ,exposure in case of facial palsy , glaucoma ,
inflammation as viral infections , smoking or winds.or due to obstruction of lacrimal
drainage system [epiphora]
2.Purulent →gonoreal infection
3. Mucopurulent : bacterial infections
4. Mucoid : allergic conjuctivitis
🔹
headache ,eye ache ,burning ,itching sensations of eye or eye lids.
Headache :mild or moderate occurs towards the end of the day due to ↑work of the
III. Pain or Discomfort 🔹
eye and relieved by rest or sleeping and it is frontal and supraorbital.
Eye ache : due to extreme fatigue with or without extreme use of the eye due to: eye
🔹
strain , glaucoma ,uveitis ,fever ,retro bulbar neuritis ,muscle imbalance.
Burning and itching :a.eye strain [error of refraction] b.allergic c.chronic blepharitis
d.conjunctivitis
by fatema okoff
