NU 545 Advance
Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam-
University of South Alabama
2026 Exam Questions and
Answers | 100% Pass
Afferent - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Efferent - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Away From (away from the spinal cord)
,Which nerves are incapable of regeneration? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Neurons in
the Central Nervous System (CNS) do not divide and injury causes
permanent loss.
Which injury to nerves has better outcomes? Crushed or Severed/Cut - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Crushed nerves recover better
How do peripheral nerves repair themselves? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Axonal
Reaction
Name 8 local changes that occur when an axon is severed - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔1. Cut end retracts and the axolemma covers the cut end, reducing
escape of axoplasm
2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to phagocytize damaged tissue
3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl bodies, and lateral
migration of nucleus
4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration occurs in the distal axon
5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and loses contact with post
synaptic membrane within 7 days
6. Macrophages and Schwann cells phagocytize remnants of axon terminal
,7. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a column or tube of schwann cells
enclosed by the original basal lamina of the endoneurium
8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal end of the injured axon and
are similar to antegrade changes but only back to the next node of Ranvier
Retrograde changes to the Proximal end of an injured axon only go back to
what? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The next node of Ranvier
In what time span do new terminal sprouts project from the proximal
segment of an injured axon? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔7-14 days
What is the length of growth per day of an injured axon? And what is
regrowth limited to? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1mm/day. Limited to myelinated
fibers in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The closer the injury is to the cell body of a nerve... - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The
greater the chances that the cell will die and not regenerate
How does the location of an injury among Peripheral Nerves play a factor?
- 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Injured nerves closer to the spinal cord recover slower
and poorly because of the long distance between the cell body and the
peripheral termination of the axon.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Regeneration of axonal constituents in the CNS is limited by what - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔glial scar formation (gliosis) and the different nature of myelin
formed by the oligodendrocyte
What 4 factors do nerve regeneration depend on - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1.
Location of injury
2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut)
3. Presence of inflammatory responses
4. Process of scarring
Weight of Brain and amount of cardiac output received - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔3lbs and 15-20% of cardiac output
Prefrontal Area is responsible for what? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Goal-oriented
behavior, short term memory, concentration, elaboration of thought and
inhibition of limbic area. (emotions)
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6 ) is responsible for what? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔motor movement, extrapyramidal system, eye movement, (Brodmann
area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
Pathophysiology Unit 2 Exam-
University of South Alabama
2026 Exam Questions and
Answers | 100% Pass
Afferent - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Towards (towards the spinal cord)
Efferent - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Away From (away from the spinal cord)
,Which nerves are incapable of regeneration? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Neurons in
the Central Nervous System (CNS) do not divide and injury causes
permanent loss.
Which injury to nerves has better outcomes? Crushed or Severed/Cut - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔Crushed nerves recover better
How do peripheral nerves repair themselves? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Axonal
Reaction
Name 8 local changes that occur when an axon is severed - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔1. Cut end retracts and the axolemma covers the cut end, reducing
escape of axoplasm
2. macrophages and Schwann cells begin to phagocytize damaged tissue
3. Cell body undergoes chromotolysis, loss of Nissl bodies, and lateral
migration of nucleus
4. Antegrade (wallerian) degeneration occurs in the distal axon
5. Swelling in axon terminal, it degenerates and loses contact with post
synaptic membrane within 7 days
6. Macrophages and Schwann cells phagocytize remnants of axon terminal
,7. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a column or tube of schwann cells
enclosed by the original basal lamina of the endoneurium
8. Retrograde changes occur at the promixal end of the injured axon and
are similar to antegrade changes but only back to the next node of Ranvier
Retrograde changes to the Proximal end of an injured axon only go back to
what? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The next node of Ranvier
In what time span do new terminal sprouts project from the proximal
segment of an injured axon? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔7-14 days
What is the length of growth per day of an injured axon? And what is
regrowth limited to? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1mm/day. Limited to myelinated
fibers in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The closer the injury is to the cell body of a nerve... - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The
greater the chances that the cell will die and not regenerate
How does the location of an injury among Peripheral Nerves play a factor?
- 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Injured nerves closer to the spinal cord recover slower
and poorly because of the long distance between the cell body and the
peripheral termination of the axon.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Regeneration of axonal constituents in the CNS is limited by what - 🧠
ANSWER ✔✔glial scar formation (gliosis) and the different nature of myelin
formed by the oligodendrocyte
What 4 factors do nerve regeneration depend on - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1.
Location of injury
2. Type of injury (crushing vs cut)
3. Presence of inflammatory responses
4. Process of scarring
Weight of Brain and amount of cardiac output received - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔3lbs and 15-20% of cardiac output
Prefrontal Area is responsible for what? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Goal-oriented
behavior, short term memory, concentration, elaboration of thought and
inhibition of limbic area. (emotions)
Premotor area (Brodmann area 6 ) is responsible for what? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔motor movement, extrapyramidal system, eye movement, (Brodmann
area 8, middle frontal gyrus)
