PSYCH 121 CHAPTER 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PSYCH 121 CHAPTER 1 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 What is psychology? - Answers the study of mind and behavior color therapy - Answers the idea that colors can influence mood, emotions and even behaviors UX/UI - Answers UX: how the user feels and functions UI: how the user sees and touches Additional Forms of Psychology: -Aviation? - Answers studies how pilots, air traffic controllers, and passengers think and behave, aiming to improve flight safety, performance, and decision making cyber psychology? - Answers how people interact with technology and online environments, including social media behavior, online addiction, and digital communication environmental psychology - Answers looks at how our surroundings like buildings, cities, or nature-affect our thoughts, feelings, and behavior environmental psychology - Answers looks at how surroundings like buildings cities or nature affects our thoughts, feelings and behavior forensic psychology - Answers applies psychology to the legal system including criminal profiling, witness reliability, jury behavior, and rehabilitation of offenders Indigenous Psychology - Answers psychological theories and practices in indigenous cultures, traditions, and ways of knowing military psychology - Answers deals with mental health, performance, and well being of military personnel, as well as leadership, stress, and resilience Critical Psychology - Answers questions mainstream psychology, emphasizing social justice, power dynamics, culture, and societal influences on behavior consumer psychology - Answers studies why people buy products or services, including decision-making, motivation, and brand perception economic psychology - Answers explores how psychological factors affect financial decisions, spending, saving, and economic behavior philosophical psychology - Answers investigates deep questions about the mind, consciousness, free will, and human nature from a philosophical perspective Sport Pyschology - Answers focuses on the mental aspects of sports performance, motivation, teamwork, and coping with pressure or injury common research approaches -surveys? - Answers People complete a questionnaire on any topic of interest, individuals answer the survey focus group - Answers gather a few individuals to discuss a topic interview - Answers people are asked questions by another person (ex. face to face), over the phone; or other forms of remote technology content analysis - Answers people examine content and generate themes and insights (social media) Observation - Answers observe specific environments, count the occurrences or instances (don't involve human contact) Three levels to study issues - Answers -lower: involves the biological (genes, hormones) -Middle: involves individual differences (between people) -Higher: Cultural and social (the environmental influences media, politics, religion) how would you study aggression within each level? - Answers lower: measuring testosterone or cortisol , brain imaging, genetic studies middle: surveys and questionaires (personality traits, anger scales) higher: media exposure, peer influence, social norms how would you study menopause within each level? - Answers lower: estrogen and progesterone, hormone changes middle: stress levels, lifestyle higher: society shapes the experience Nature vs. Nurture - Answers Do genes (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) contribute more to a person's being? free will vs determinism - Answers do we freely choose our actions or is behavior caused by things outside our control? Accuracy vs. Inaccuracy - Answers To what extent are humans good information processors? consciousness vs unconscious processing - Answers To what extent are we conscious of our own actions? Differences vs. Similarities - Answers To what extent are we all similar, and to what extent are we different? key historical figures: Wilhelm Wundt - Answers -determined to distinguish psychology as a science and move away from philosophy -first to publish his lab's findings in a scientific journal -trained introspection was a key focus of his and his students research -Wundt's orientation was structuralism Structuralism - Answers -a theory of consciousness, where trained observers tried to understand people's emotions behaviors, and thoughts using in-depth, meticulous observations -approach: individuals would be asked to describe an event in minute detail and would be asked to describe the sensations, their feelings, and images they saw -focus: very tiny step-by-step units of analysis Structuralism's three states of consciousness - Answers -sensations (sights, sounds, tastes) -images (components of thoughts) -affections (components of emotions) limitations to structuralist approach: each person had a unique experience so the process was highly subjective William James - Answers -moved beyond basic descriptions because he believed that consciousness could not have basic units or discrete structures -concerned with the "how" and "why" underlying a person's behavior, and looked to understand the function and roles played by the human mind -developed "functionalism" Functionalism - Answers Responsible for getting researchers to think about the causes and consequences of behavior and functionality of the mind Sigmund Freud - Answers -very famous -believed everything we do is made up of a complex struggle between our conscious and unconscious Freud's psychoanalysis - Answers Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious mind and how it shapes behavior, thoughts, and emotions Iceberg Theory - Answers Ego: conscious level, What you are aware of right now—thoughts, perceptions, feelings. Superego: preconscious level, Thoughts and memories that aren't in immediate awareness, but can be brought to consciousness if you focus. ID: subconscious level, Contains repressed memories, instincts, desires, and fears.