What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell - ANSWER • Well define nucleus.
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than do
prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling of DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a fluid filling
called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell - AN-
SWER Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect the cell it-
self and other cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the
cell to bind to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent
cells.
responsable for cellular respiration and energy production - ANSWER mitocondria
they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis - ANSWER ribosome
is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center, main func-
tion is cell division and control of genetic information - ANSWER nucleus
is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins - AN-
SWER nucleolus
1
,are saclike structures that originate from the golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes -
ANSWER lysosomes
specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the
cells organelles - ANSWER endoplasmic reticulum
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane
- ANSWER Golgi apparatus or complex
membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate oxi-
dase. those enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative reaction that produces
hydrogen peroxide. - ANSWER peroxisomes
it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include: intermediary me-
tabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal protein synthesis and storage
of carbohydrates, fat and secretory vesicles - ANSWER cytosol
maintains the cell's shape and internal organization - ANSWER cytoskeleton
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and immobilized.
- ANSWER paracrine
cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation. it function
as a component of normal growth regulatory mechanism. - ANSWER autocrine
diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells - ANSWER
neurotransmitter
2
, are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the bloodstream
to produce a response in other set of cells - ANSWER hormone
proteins float in the fluid lipid bilayer. is a membrane structure that consists of a variety of
individual protein molecules moving and shifting within a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. -
ANSWER fluid mosaic model
second messenger - ANSWER are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on
the cell surface
are generated in large numbers when the membrane bound enzyme is activated, and they
then rapidly diffuse away from their source, broadcasting the signal throughout the cell. The
two major pathways are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, it activate a G pro-
tein inside the cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of cyclic AMP from
ATP
• Then cAMP binds to and activate a target protein such as a-kinase which adds phosphate
to specific protein within the cell
How does oxidative phosphorylation work? - ANSWER Occurs in the mitochondria and is
the mechanism by which the energy produce from cahydrates, fats, and proteins is trans-
ferred to ATP. The process by which ATP is formed
: is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area
of lower solute concentration. - ANSWER diffusion
is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute
concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. - ANSWER Osmosis
is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes - ANSWER Hydro-
static pressure
3
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than do
prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling of DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a fluid filling
called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell - AN-
SWER Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect the cell it-
self and other cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the
cell to bind to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent
cells.
responsable for cellular respiration and energy production - ANSWER mitocondria
they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis - ANSWER ribosome
is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center, main func-
tion is cell division and control of genetic information - ANSWER nucleus
is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins - AN-
SWER nucleolus
1
,are saclike structures that originate from the golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes -
ANSWER lysosomes
specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the
cells organelles - ANSWER endoplasmic reticulum
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane
- ANSWER Golgi apparatus or complex
membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate oxi-
dase. those enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative reaction that produces
hydrogen peroxide. - ANSWER peroxisomes
it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include: intermediary me-
tabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal protein synthesis and storage
of carbohydrates, fat and secretory vesicles - ANSWER cytosol
maintains the cell's shape and internal organization - ANSWER cytoskeleton
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and immobilized.
- ANSWER paracrine
cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation. it function
as a component of normal growth regulatory mechanism. - ANSWER autocrine
diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells - ANSWER
neurotransmitter
2
, are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the bloodstream
to produce a response in other set of cells - ANSWER hormone
proteins float in the fluid lipid bilayer. is a membrane structure that consists of a variety of
individual protein molecules moving and shifting within a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. -
ANSWER fluid mosaic model
second messenger - ANSWER are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on
the cell surface
are generated in large numbers when the membrane bound enzyme is activated, and they
then rapidly diffuse away from their source, broadcasting the signal throughout the cell. The
two major pathways are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, it activate a G pro-
tein inside the cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of cyclic AMP from
ATP
• Then cAMP binds to and activate a target protein such as a-kinase which adds phosphate
to specific protein within the cell
How does oxidative phosphorylation work? - ANSWER Occurs in the mitochondria and is
the mechanism by which the energy produce from cahydrates, fats, and proteins is trans-
ferred to ATP. The process by which ATP is formed
: is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area
of lower solute concentration. - ANSWER diffusion
is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute
concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. - ANSWER Osmosis
is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes - ANSWER Hydro-
static pressure
3
