RNSG 1128 Final Exam Review: Intro to Nursing Concepts
UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Anwers
Define gas exchange the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is
transported from cells
Gas Exchange Attributes (what must be present to exist) pH: 7.35-7.45
O2 Saturation: 95-100%
PaO: 85-100
PaCO & EtCO: 35-45
HCO3: 22-26
Respiratory Rate within normal range (16-20)
Age appropriate level of consciousness
Race appropriate skin color
Gas Exchange Antecedents (must happen before Adequate Function of:
concept) Resp. System
Perfusion
Neurologic Function
Cardiovascular Function
Efficient Cellular Metabolism
Ischemia an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart
muscles.
Hypoxia Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood
Anoxia absence of oxygen
Hypoxemia deficient oxygen in the blood
transport Availability & ability of hemoglobin to carry O2 from alveoli to cells for
metabolism and carry CO2 from cells to alveoli to be eliminated
Perfusion The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
What are negative consequences of altered gas Respiratory compromise
exchange? Respiratory distress
Respiratory failure
Altered O2 carrying capacity
Inadequate perfusion
Hypoxemia
Anoxia
Altered mental status
V/Q mismatch
, Sub-Concepts of Gas Exchange (critical components) Inhalation/Exhalation
O2 carrying capacity
Circulation
Gas Exchange Risk Factors Tobacco Use
Altered consciousness
Altered oropharayngeal flora (increases # of microbes that can be aspirated)
Prolonged immobility
Chronic Disease
Gas Exchange Imbalance Causes: Impaired ventilation
Poor gas diffusion
Arterial Blood Gasses test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide,
and pH
Define Acid Base Balance Regulation of pH, bicarbonate concentration, and partial pressure of carbon
dioxide in body
Acid Base Balance Attributes (date/quality present for Respiratory rate WNL
balance to exist) pH: 7.35-7.45
O2 Saturation over 95%
PaO2: 85-100
PaCO2: 35-45
EtCO2: 35-45
Acid Base Balance Antecedents (Must happen BEFORE Normal resp. & renal function
concept) Normal Digestion
No Nausea/Vomiting
Good nutrition
Krebs Cycle
Normal Anion Gap
Oxyhemoglobin Dissassociation Curve
Negative Outcomes of Irregular Acid Base Balance **Developes as a complication from another underlying condition
Change in LOC
Anxiety
Tetany
Tingling
Seizures
Cardiac Ahrrythmias
Vomiting/Diarrhea
Cellular destruction
Death
Acid Base Sub-Concepts (critical components of major Compensatory mechanisms
concept) Consequences of Disruption
Physiologic Process of Acid Base Balance
UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Anwers
Define gas exchange the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is
transported from cells
Gas Exchange Attributes (what must be present to exist) pH: 7.35-7.45
O2 Saturation: 95-100%
PaO: 85-100
PaCO & EtCO: 35-45
HCO3: 22-26
Respiratory Rate within normal range (16-20)
Age appropriate level of consciousness
Race appropriate skin color
Gas Exchange Antecedents (must happen before Adequate Function of:
concept) Resp. System
Perfusion
Neurologic Function
Cardiovascular Function
Efficient Cellular Metabolism
Ischemia an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart
muscles.
Hypoxia Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood
Anoxia absence of oxygen
Hypoxemia deficient oxygen in the blood
transport Availability & ability of hemoglobin to carry O2 from alveoli to cells for
metabolism and carry CO2 from cells to alveoli to be eliminated
Perfusion The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the
body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
What are negative consequences of altered gas Respiratory compromise
exchange? Respiratory distress
Respiratory failure
Altered O2 carrying capacity
Inadequate perfusion
Hypoxemia
Anoxia
Altered mental status
V/Q mismatch
, Sub-Concepts of Gas Exchange (critical components) Inhalation/Exhalation
O2 carrying capacity
Circulation
Gas Exchange Risk Factors Tobacco Use
Altered consciousness
Altered oropharayngeal flora (increases # of microbes that can be aspirated)
Prolonged immobility
Chronic Disease
Gas Exchange Imbalance Causes: Impaired ventilation
Poor gas diffusion
Arterial Blood Gasses test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide,
and pH
Define Acid Base Balance Regulation of pH, bicarbonate concentration, and partial pressure of carbon
dioxide in body
Acid Base Balance Attributes (date/quality present for Respiratory rate WNL
balance to exist) pH: 7.35-7.45
O2 Saturation over 95%
PaO2: 85-100
PaCO2: 35-45
EtCO2: 35-45
Acid Base Balance Antecedents (Must happen BEFORE Normal resp. & renal function
concept) Normal Digestion
No Nausea/Vomiting
Good nutrition
Krebs Cycle
Normal Anion Gap
Oxyhemoglobin Dissassociation Curve
Negative Outcomes of Irregular Acid Base Balance **Developes as a complication from another underlying condition
Change in LOC
Anxiety
Tetany
Tingling
Seizures
Cardiac Ahrrythmias
Vomiting/Diarrhea
Cellular destruction
Death
Acid Base Sub-Concepts (critical components of major Compensatory mechanisms
concept) Consequences of Disruption
Physiologic Process of Acid Base Balance
