DAT 250 MODULE 6 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027

DAT 250 MODULE 6 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 Data Mining - Answers Searching records in one or more databases, looking for patterns or relationships Can be used to create profiles of individuals Allows companies to build more personal relationships with customers Secondary Uses of Information - Answers the re-use of identifiable information and identifiable biospecimens that are collected from some other "primary" or "initial" activity Collaborative Filtering - Answers Form of data mining Analyze information about preferences of large number of people to predict what one person may prefer - Explicit method: ask people to rank preferences - Implicit method: keep track of purchases Used by online retailers and movie sites Microtargeting - Answers Political campaigns determine voters most likely to support particular candidates - Voter registration - Voting frequency - Consumer data - GIS data Target direct mailings, emails, text messages, home visits to most likely supporters Census Records - Answers Census required by US Constitution to ensure every state has fair representation Sometimes Census Bureau has broken confidentiality requirement by providing names and address to find draft resistors and Japanese-Americans Internal Revenue Service - Answers The 16th Amendment to the US Constitution gives the federal government the power to collect an income tax (1913) IRS collects more than $2 trillion a year in income taxes Income tax forms contain a tremendous amount of personal information: income, assets, to whom you make charitable contributions, medical expenses, and more FBI National Crime Center Database - Answers NCIC - Collection of databases related to various crimes (such as people incarcerated in federal prisons, suspected terrorists, violent gang members) - Contains 39 million records • Successes - Helps police solve hundreds of thousands of cases every year - Helped FBI tie James Earl Ray to assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. - Helped FBI apprehend Timothy McVeigh for bombing of federal building in Oklahoma City USA Patriot Act Provisions - Answers Provisions - Federal law enforcement and intelligence officials with greater authority to monitor communications - Sec. of the Treasury has greater powers to regulate banks, preventing them from being used for money laundering. - Greater border controls making it more difficult for terrorists to enter the United States - Defining new crimes and penalties for terrorist activity USA Patriot Act Criticisms - Answers Critics say Act undermines 4th Amendment rights - Allows police to use pen registers on the Internet to track email addresses and URLs. - Allows for roving surveillance to be performed for the purpose of intelligence, and the government does not have to prove that the person under investigation actually uses the device to be tapped. - Searches and seizures without warrants - Warrants issued without need for showing probable cause IRS Audits - Answers Internal Revenue Service uses computer matching and data mining to look for possible income tax fraud • Computer matching: matching tax form information with information provided by employers, banks, etc. • Data mining algorithm DIF (discriminant function) to score every tax return. The DIF score is an indicator of how many irregularities there are on a tax form, compared to carefully constructed profiles of correct tax returns. Approximately 60% of tax return audited are selected using high DIF scores. Syndromic Surveillance Systems - Answers A data mining system that searches for patterns indicating the outbreak of an epidemic or bioterrorism - 911 calls - emergency room visits - school absenteeism - Purchases of prescription drugs - Internet searches to find patterns that might indicate the onset of an epidemic Profiling Issues - Answers Government security agencies supposed to protect nation from harm • What if an erroneous profile characterizes an innocent citizen as a potential terrorist? • Since the data being searched is so massive, it may be impossible to explain how an algorithm has put someone on the watch list • US government's terrorist watch list now contains 1.5 million names • How can innocent people clear their names? 5 methods for obtaining logins and passwords - Answers Eavesdropping • Dumpster diving • Social engineering • Brute-force searches • Dictionary attacks Sidejacking - Answers hijacking of an open Web session by capturing a user's cookie giving the attacker the same privileges as the user on that Web site viruses - Answers Piece of self-replicating code embedded within another program (host) associated with program files worms - Answers Self-contained program • Spreads through a computer network • Exploits security holes in networked computers trojans - Answers Program with benign capability that masks a sinister purpose. When the user executes the Trojan horse, the program performs the expected beneficial task and also performing actions unknown to, and not in the best interests, of the user ransomware - Answers Malware designed to extort money from victim Modern versions encrypt all files on victim's computer and demand payment in return for decryption key rootkits - Answers A set of programs that provides privileged access to a computer spyware and adware - Answers Program that communicates over an Internet connection without user's knowledge or consent Type of spyware that displays pop-up advertisements related to user's activity bots and botnets - Answers A kind of backdoor Trojan that responds to commands sent by a command-and-control program on another computer Botnet: Collection of bot-infected computers controlled by the same command-and-control program Bad Samples - Answers Samples that produce results that are not very reliable and lead to bias. Some examples of these types of samples are: -Reported Results -Convenience Sample -Voluntary Response Sample loaded questions - Answers They are questions which contain emotive language which is likely to produce an emotional reaction in the respondent. misleading percentages - Answers Usually occurs when the study is based on a small number of cases. mutant statistics - Answers distorted versions of the original figures characteristics of good statistics - Answers Based on more than guessing Based on clear, reasonable definitions Based on clear, reasonable measures Based on good samples six most common forms of hypotheses - Answers Simple hypothesis. Complex hypothesis. Directional hypothesis. Non-directional hypothesis. Null hypothesis. Associative and casual hypothesis statistical significance - Answers a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance p-hacking - Answers The use of data mining to uncover patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant, without first devising a specific hypothesis as to the underlying causality. patriot missile - Answers Designed to operate only a few hours at a time, but was kept in operation 100 hours causing tiny truncation errors that added up Ariane 5 Rocket - Answers Statement assigning floating-point value to integer raised exception Exception not caught and computer crashed Reused code Mars Climate Orbiter - Answers When it was time for spacecraft to fire its engine to enter orbit,