BIOL 252 Exam 3
1. Hypoxic: Blood cells without enough oxygen. Causes = blood loss, low level of O2 in
atmosphere (high elevations), abrupt increase in body's O2 consumption (just starting
to exercise). Doping athletes with erythropoietin
2. Functions of blood: Transport, protection, regulation
3. Transport: Blood carries oxygen from lungs, picks up nutrients, carries wastes and
hormones, transports stem cells
4. Protections: Inflammation, WBCs destroy microorganisms, antibodies, platelets
secrete blood clotting factors
5. Regulation: Fluid under certain conditions, buffering, dissipating heat
6. Characteristics of blood: Opaque, sticky substance. 8% of body weight
7. Blood pH: Buffers acids and bases - blood proteins help to stabilize pH of
extracellular fluids. Blood pH = 7.35-7.45.
8. Blood osmolarity: Total molarity of dissolved particles that can't pass through blood
vessel wall. Nourish surrounding cells and remove their wastes. Transfer of fluids
depends on balance between filtration of fluid from capillary and reabsorption by
osmosis.
9. Blood viscosity: Whole blood: 4.5-5.5x as viscous as water (bc of RBCs). Plasma:
2.0x water (bc of protein).
Governs flow of blood through vessels. Reduction = blood flows too easily; increase =
blood flows to sluggishly
,10. Blood temperature: Temperature of blood a little higher than temperature of body.
Heat associated with inflammation.
11. Blood amount - sexes: Males: 5-6L, have more because bodies generally bigger.
Females: 4-5 L. If body weight increases, amount of blood in body increase too to feed
extra tissue
12. Components of blood: Plasma, hematocrit, formed elements
13. Plasma: Clear, light yellow fluid. Matrix.
14. Serum: Plasma without clotting protein fibrinogen
15. RBC count and hemoglobin concentration lower in women because...: 1)
Androgens stimulate RBC production, men have higher androgen levels. 2) Women of
reproductive age have periodic menstrual losses. 3) Hematocrit inversely proportional to
percent body fat, averages higher in women
16. Blood sample: Centrifuge to separate. Straw colored top layer (~55%). Buffy coat
(1%). Reddish mass (males - 47%, females - 42%) - males higher % because of
testosterone.
17. Hematocrit: % erythrocytes. %RBC/total blood volume. Components = erythrocytes
18 Formed elements: All arise from hemocytoblast. Suspended in plasma. Cells and cell
fragments. Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. Not cells. Erythrocytes (RBCs),
platelets, leukocytes (WBCs) - granulocytes and agranulocytes
19. Plasma components: Water, plasma proteins, small solutes
, .
20. Buffy coat components: Platelets, leukocytes
21. Blood plasma components: Water (about 90% of blood volume). Dissolved solutes
(nutrients, gases, hormones, waste products, proteins)
22. Blood plasma proteins: 7% w/v. Albumin (55+%). Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma).
Fibrinogen
23. Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure (keeps fluid in blood). If you didn't have it,
when fluid leaks out of capillaries to nurture tissues as its supposed to, aren't able to
return enough liquid to capillaries, dehydrated. Made in liver. Late stage alcoholics
have hard, enlarged, tight belly - their liver compromised - fluid leaks into the ascites
because of reduced albumin. Transports solutes, buffers blood plasma pH. Contributes
to viscosity and osmolarity of blood.
24. Globulins: Alpha, beta, gamma. Endocrine system - transport steroids. Gamma
globulins part of immune system. Antibodies - associated with immune function, type of
protein, gamma globulins ARE antibodies. Antigens - cell surface, identifying proteins,
gamma globulins are NOT antigens. All except gamma made in liver. Gamma made from
plasma cells (descended from B lymphocytes)
25. Fibrinogen: "-ogen" = inactive. Inactive. Fiberlike protein dissolved in blood. When
activated - very important in clotting. Made in liver
26. Cirrhosis: Liver disease. Results in decreased albumin - reduced osmotic pressure
and ascites. Reduced clotting factors - easy bruising and delayed clotting
1. Hypoxic: Blood cells without enough oxygen. Causes = blood loss, low level of O2 in
atmosphere (high elevations), abrupt increase in body's O2 consumption (just starting
to exercise). Doping athletes with erythropoietin
2. Functions of blood: Transport, protection, regulation
3. Transport: Blood carries oxygen from lungs, picks up nutrients, carries wastes and
hormones, transports stem cells
4. Protections: Inflammation, WBCs destroy microorganisms, antibodies, platelets
secrete blood clotting factors
5. Regulation: Fluid under certain conditions, buffering, dissipating heat
6. Characteristics of blood: Opaque, sticky substance. 8% of body weight
7. Blood pH: Buffers acids and bases - blood proteins help to stabilize pH of
extracellular fluids. Blood pH = 7.35-7.45.
8. Blood osmolarity: Total molarity of dissolved particles that can't pass through blood
vessel wall. Nourish surrounding cells and remove their wastes. Transfer of fluids
depends on balance between filtration of fluid from capillary and reabsorption by
osmosis.
9. Blood viscosity: Whole blood: 4.5-5.5x as viscous as water (bc of RBCs). Plasma:
2.0x water (bc of protein).
Governs flow of blood through vessels. Reduction = blood flows too easily; increase =
blood flows to sluggishly
,10. Blood temperature: Temperature of blood a little higher than temperature of body.
Heat associated with inflammation.
11. Blood amount - sexes: Males: 5-6L, have more because bodies generally bigger.
Females: 4-5 L. If body weight increases, amount of blood in body increase too to feed
extra tissue
12. Components of blood: Plasma, hematocrit, formed elements
13. Plasma: Clear, light yellow fluid. Matrix.
14. Serum: Plasma without clotting protein fibrinogen
15. RBC count and hemoglobin concentration lower in women because...: 1)
Androgens stimulate RBC production, men have higher androgen levels. 2) Women of
reproductive age have periodic menstrual losses. 3) Hematocrit inversely proportional to
percent body fat, averages higher in women
16. Blood sample: Centrifuge to separate. Straw colored top layer (~55%). Buffy coat
(1%). Reddish mass (males - 47%, females - 42%) - males higher % because of
testosterone.
17. Hematocrit: % erythrocytes. %RBC/total blood volume. Components = erythrocytes
18 Formed elements: All arise from hemocytoblast. Suspended in plasma. Cells and cell
fragments. Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. Not cells. Erythrocytes (RBCs),
platelets, leukocytes (WBCs) - granulocytes and agranulocytes
19. Plasma components: Water, plasma proteins, small solutes
, .
20. Buffy coat components: Platelets, leukocytes
21. Blood plasma components: Water (about 90% of blood volume). Dissolved solutes
(nutrients, gases, hormones, waste products, proteins)
22. Blood plasma proteins: 7% w/v. Albumin (55+%). Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma).
Fibrinogen
23. Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure (keeps fluid in blood). If you didn't have it,
when fluid leaks out of capillaries to nurture tissues as its supposed to, aren't able to
return enough liquid to capillaries, dehydrated. Made in liver. Late stage alcoholics
have hard, enlarged, tight belly - their liver compromised - fluid leaks into the ascites
because of reduced albumin. Transports solutes, buffers blood plasma pH. Contributes
to viscosity and osmolarity of blood.
24. Globulins: Alpha, beta, gamma. Endocrine system - transport steroids. Gamma
globulins part of immune system. Antibodies - associated with immune function, type of
protein, gamma globulins ARE antibodies. Antigens - cell surface, identifying proteins,
gamma globulins are NOT antigens. All except gamma made in liver. Gamma made from
plasma cells (descended from B lymphocytes)
25. Fibrinogen: "-ogen" = inactive. Inactive. Fiberlike protein dissolved in blood. When
activated - very important in clotting. Made in liver
26. Cirrhosis: Liver disease. Results in decreased albumin - reduced osmotic pressure
and ascites. Reduced clotting factors - easy bruising and delayed clotting
