Portage Math 110 Elementary Statistics (Module 2)
1. frequency distribution: A tabular summary of data showing the number
(frequency) of observations in each of several distinctive (nonoverlapping)
categories or classes.
2. relative frequency: A ratio that compares the frequency of each category to the
total. frequency of the class / n where n = total count of all classes
3. relative percentage: percentage of time the value occurs in the sample or
population relative frequency x 100
4. charting: a means to represent frequencies visually
5. column chart: Data graphed as a series of vertical bars
x-axis: class
y-axis: frequency of class
6. bar chart: Data graphed as a series of horizontal bars x-
axis: frequency of class y-axis: class
7. pie chart: a chart that shows the relationship of a part
to a whole best suited for the distributions focused on the
proportions
8. 3 step method to group numerical data into classes:
1. determine the number of classes to be evaluated
2.determine the width of each class
3.determine the limits of each class
9. Number of classes: (usu b/w 5 and 20) less than 25 > 5 to 6
25 to 50 > 7 to 14
1/5
, Portage Math 110 Elementary Statistics (Module 2)
More than 50 > 15-20
10. Width of class: approx width =
(largest data value - smallest data value) / #
of classes
11. qualitative data: frequency
distributions
relative frequency
distributions percent
frequency distributions
Graphical: bar, column, pie
charts
12. quantitative data: frequency distributions
relative frequency
distributions percent
frequency distributions
Graphical: histograms
13. positive relationship: an association between two variables in which they increase
or decrease together
14. negative relationship: an association between two variables in which one increases
while the other decreases
15. no relationship: as one variable increases the other stays the same
2/5
1. frequency distribution: A tabular summary of data showing the number
(frequency) of observations in each of several distinctive (nonoverlapping)
categories or classes.
2. relative frequency: A ratio that compares the frequency of each category to the
total. frequency of the class / n where n = total count of all classes
3. relative percentage: percentage of time the value occurs in the sample or
population relative frequency x 100
4. charting: a means to represent frequencies visually
5. column chart: Data graphed as a series of vertical bars
x-axis: class
y-axis: frequency of class
6. bar chart: Data graphed as a series of horizontal bars x-
axis: frequency of class y-axis: class
7. pie chart: a chart that shows the relationship of a part
to a whole best suited for the distributions focused on the
proportions
8. 3 step method to group numerical data into classes:
1. determine the number of classes to be evaluated
2.determine the width of each class
3.determine the limits of each class
9. Number of classes: (usu b/w 5 and 20) less than 25 > 5 to 6
25 to 50 > 7 to 14
1/5
, Portage Math 110 Elementary Statistics (Module 2)
More than 50 > 15-20
10. Width of class: approx width =
(largest data value - smallest data value) / #
of classes
11. qualitative data: frequency
distributions
relative frequency
distributions percent
frequency distributions
Graphical: bar, column, pie
charts
12. quantitative data: frequency distributions
relative frequency
distributions percent
frequency distributions
Graphical: histograms
13. positive relationship: an association between two variables in which they increase
or decrease together
14. negative relationship: an association between two variables in which one increases
while the other decreases
15. no relationship: as one variable increases the other stays the same
2/5
