PNB 2265 Exam II
What is an articulation? - ✔️✔️An articulation is the meeting place of two or more
bones.
The type of tissues that connecting the bones together with determine the functions of
the joint (freely movable?) and the structural classification of that joint.
Range of motion: - ✔️✔️refers to the normal extent of mobility for a specific joint
movement
degrees of freedom - ✔️✔️the number of axes at which movement in a joint occurs
Biaxial joint - ✔️✔️If you have two axes of rotation, two planes of movement, two
degrees of freedom is called biaxial joint you can combine to make a fifth movement
called circumduction.
Relationship between mobility and stability - ✔️✔️The nature of the tissue connecting
bones in a joint will determine that bones function and whether its freely movable,
slightly moveable or not movable at all.
For example, the shoulder is the most frequently injured joint.
It is structurally most unstable joint in the whole body.
What are the classifications by structural categories? - ✔️✔️fibrous, cartilaginous, and
synovial
What are the classifications by function categories? - ✔️✔️syntharthrosis: immovable
amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable
diarthrosis: freely movable
Classifications by function and structure categories relationship - ✔️✔️That is within
the first two structural classes, fibers and cartilaginous, we have examples of different
functional classes that is both slightly movable and immovable joints.
However, all synovial joints are considered to be diarthrosis, freely movable.
Anatomical position - ✔️✔️standing, arms by sides, palms forward
Flexion: - ✔️✔️bending a joint, decreasing the angle between bones and bringing
moving segment closer to the other bone
fingers, elbow, knee
,"forward flexion"
Extension - ✔️✔️straightens the joint, increasing the angle between bones
abduction - ✔️✔️movement away from midlinead
Circumduction - ✔️✔️It is a combined movement of flexion, extension, abduction and
adduction.
Any joint such as the wrist capable of the two movement pairs (either both flexion +
extension or adduction + abduction) can perform the movement of circumduction.
Rotation - ✔️✔️- occurs on the longitudinal axis of a moving part
- head on the neck
- intervetebral discs of spine
- possible ball and socket joints ( hip and shoulder)
Supination and Pronation: - ✔️✔️S: You can see this if you stand in anatomical
position, and then flex or bend elbow to 90 degrees and then rotate your palms up.
R: rotate it palms down
Inversion and Eversion - ✔️✔️- occur at the joints between tarsals joints in foot
I: rocking food inward
E: rocking foot outward
Opposition - ✔️✔️Pinch any finger to the thumb
Movements that can occur in the jaw and the scapular thoracic joint.
Elevation:
Depression:
Protraction:
Retraction: - ✔️✔️Elevation:
Shrugging (lifting your shoulders + close jaw)
Depression:
Open mouth and bring shoulders down.
Protraction:
Think about doing pushups (push) you are protracting the scapule to lift up
Retraction:
When you reach down to the floor (^)
Sutures
Example: fontanels - ✔️✔️- connection points between skull bones
,- immovable (synarthrosis)
Fontanels are sutures that are wide in new born baby to go through birth canal.
Syndesmosis - ✔️✔️- distal tabular/fibular joint (tibia and fibula movement)
- slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
Gomphosis - ✔️✔️- dental ligament anchoring a tooth
- immovable (synarthrosis)
Synchondrosis: - ✔️✔️- hyaline cartilage connects bone or parts of it
- immovable (synarthrosis)
- cartilaginous joint
Symphysis: - ✔️✔️- fibrocartilage discs unite bones
- pubic symphysis, joints connecting vertebral bodies
- slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis)
synovial joints - ✔️✔️- freely movable joints
- joint cavity containing synovial fluid
- most common in appendicular skeleton
- can be contained in articular cartilage like a sponge into cavity during compression
- friction free
synovial fluid - ✔️✔️- cushion (shock absorber)
- lubricate (to prevent heat buildup)
- nourish the joint
- it is a type of blood plasma
- freely movable joints
uniaxial joints
- hinge
- pivot - ✔️✔️- 1 axis of rotation, degree of freedom, plane of movement and movement
pair
- free movement (diarthrosis)
hinge:
- flexion/extension
- elbow
pivot:
- rotation
- altas/axis joint
biaxial joints
, - condyloid
- saddle - ✔️✔️- 2 axis of rotation, degree of freedom, plane of movement and
movement pairs
- flexion/extension + abduction/adduction
- circumduction!
- free movement (diarthrosis)
condyloid:
- wrist
saddle:
- first carpal/metacarpal place
triaxial joints
- ball and socket - ✔️✔️- 3 axis of rotation, degree of freedom, plane of movement and
movement pairs
- flexion/extension + abduction/adduction + rotations
- circumduction!
- free movement (diarthrosis)
ball and socket:
- shoulder and hip
non axial joints
- gliding - ✔️✔️- no axes of rotation
- slight gliding movements
- free movement (diarthrosis)
gliding
- sternocostal
- have synovial fluid in them
adduction - ✔️✔️movement toward the midline
axial skeleton - ✔️✔️- vertebrae column (ribs + sternum)
- head
temperomandibular articulation: bones and joint - ✔️✔️bones:
- temporal (mandibular fossa of zygomatic process)
- mandible (mandibular condyles)
- combined hinge (unixial movement) and gliding (slight movement)
- synovial joints with a capsule full of synovial fluid
example: yawning
What is an articulation? - ✔️✔️An articulation is the meeting place of two or more
bones.
The type of tissues that connecting the bones together with determine the functions of
the joint (freely movable?) and the structural classification of that joint.
Range of motion: - ✔️✔️refers to the normal extent of mobility for a specific joint
movement
degrees of freedom - ✔️✔️the number of axes at which movement in a joint occurs
Biaxial joint - ✔️✔️If you have two axes of rotation, two planes of movement, two
degrees of freedom is called biaxial joint you can combine to make a fifth movement
called circumduction.
Relationship between mobility and stability - ✔️✔️The nature of the tissue connecting
bones in a joint will determine that bones function and whether its freely movable,
slightly moveable or not movable at all.
For example, the shoulder is the most frequently injured joint.
It is structurally most unstable joint in the whole body.
What are the classifications by structural categories? - ✔️✔️fibrous, cartilaginous, and
synovial
What are the classifications by function categories? - ✔️✔️syntharthrosis: immovable
amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable
diarthrosis: freely movable
Classifications by function and structure categories relationship - ✔️✔️That is within
the first two structural classes, fibers and cartilaginous, we have examples of different
functional classes that is both slightly movable and immovable joints.
However, all synovial joints are considered to be diarthrosis, freely movable.
Anatomical position - ✔️✔️standing, arms by sides, palms forward
Flexion: - ✔️✔️bending a joint, decreasing the angle between bones and bringing
moving segment closer to the other bone
fingers, elbow, knee
,"forward flexion"
Extension - ✔️✔️straightens the joint, increasing the angle between bones
abduction - ✔️✔️movement away from midlinead
Circumduction - ✔️✔️It is a combined movement of flexion, extension, abduction and
adduction.
Any joint such as the wrist capable of the two movement pairs (either both flexion +
extension or adduction + abduction) can perform the movement of circumduction.
Rotation - ✔️✔️- occurs on the longitudinal axis of a moving part
- head on the neck
- intervetebral discs of spine
- possible ball and socket joints ( hip and shoulder)
Supination and Pronation: - ✔️✔️S: You can see this if you stand in anatomical
position, and then flex or bend elbow to 90 degrees and then rotate your palms up.
R: rotate it palms down
Inversion and Eversion - ✔️✔️- occur at the joints between tarsals joints in foot
I: rocking food inward
E: rocking foot outward
Opposition - ✔️✔️Pinch any finger to the thumb
Movements that can occur in the jaw and the scapular thoracic joint.
Elevation:
Depression:
Protraction:
Retraction: - ✔️✔️Elevation:
Shrugging (lifting your shoulders + close jaw)
Depression:
Open mouth and bring shoulders down.
Protraction:
Think about doing pushups (push) you are protracting the scapule to lift up
Retraction:
When you reach down to the floor (^)
Sutures
Example: fontanels - ✔️✔️- connection points between skull bones
,- immovable (synarthrosis)
Fontanels are sutures that are wide in new born baby to go through birth canal.
Syndesmosis - ✔️✔️- distal tabular/fibular joint (tibia and fibula movement)
- slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
Gomphosis - ✔️✔️- dental ligament anchoring a tooth
- immovable (synarthrosis)
Synchondrosis: - ✔️✔️- hyaline cartilage connects bone or parts of it
- immovable (synarthrosis)
- cartilaginous joint
Symphysis: - ✔️✔️- fibrocartilage discs unite bones
- pubic symphysis, joints connecting vertebral bodies
- slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis)
synovial joints - ✔️✔️- freely movable joints
- joint cavity containing synovial fluid
- most common in appendicular skeleton
- can be contained in articular cartilage like a sponge into cavity during compression
- friction free
synovial fluid - ✔️✔️- cushion (shock absorber)
- lubricate (to prevent heat buildup)
- nourish the joint
- it is a type of blood plasma
- freely movable joints
uniaxial joints
- hinge
- pivot - ✔️✔️- 1 axis of rotation, degree of freedom, plane of movement and movement
pair
- free movement (diarthrosis)
hinge:
- flexion/extension
- elbow
pivot:
- rotation
- altas/axis joint
biaxial joints
, - condyloid
- saddle - ✔️✔️- 2 axis of rotation, degree of freedom, plane of movement and
movement pairs
- flexion/extension + abduction/adduction
- circumduction!
- free movement (diarthrosis)
condyloid:
- wrist
saddle:
- first carpal/metacarpal place
triaxial joints
- ball and socket - ✔️✔️- 3 axis of rotation, degree of freedom, plane of movement and
movement pairs
- flexion/extension + abduction/adduction + rotations
- circumduction!
- free movement (diarthrosis)
ball and socket:
- shoulder and hip
non axial joints
- gliding - ✔️✔️- no axes of rotation
- slight gliding movements
- free movement (diarthrosis)
gliding
- sternocostal
- have synovial fluid in them
adduction - ✔️✔️movement toward the midline
axial skeleton - ✔️✔️- vertebrae column (ribs + sternum)
- head
temperomandibular articulation: bones and joint - ✔️✔️bones:
- temporal (mandibular fossa of zygomatic process)
- mandible (mandibular condyles)
- combined hinge (unixial movement) and gliding (slight movement)
- synovial joints with a capsule full of synovial fluid
example: yawning
