Biology 2051 Brininstool Fall 2022 Lab
Final Exam and All Correct Answers.
1) Lactobacillus and Streptococcus
2) Sacchromyces - Answer 1) two genus that produce lactic acid
2) genus that produces CO2 and alcohol
False. GROWTH DOES NOT MEAN SURVIVAL - Answer Growth means survival (T/F)
Growth - Answer The organism remains under subjected treatment conditions long enough
to grow and divide.
Survival - Answer The organism is exposed to the treatment for a limited time but not
enough for division to occur, then removed to be assayed for subsequent growth.
Temperature and UV are for survival; pH and Osmotic Pressure are for growth. - Answer
What are the survival test procedures and what are the growth test procedures.
Pasteurization - Answer gentle heating (71.5-74 Celsius for 15-30 seconds) was used to
eliminate organisms that cause spoilage in a food product such as beer or wine.
Contains many species that produce endospores, and while vegetative cells are killed by boiling
water, endospores may survive and later germinate at room temperature. - Answer Describe
the genus Bacillus
Extreme Thermophiles - Answer grow at extremely high temps above 80 Celsius some with
optimum temps at 100 Celsius
Thermophiles - Answer grow at high temps (45 - 80 Celsius)
Mesophiles - Answer grow well at temps comfortable for humans (20 - 45 Celsius) many with
optimum growth at 37 Celsius
Psychrophiles - Answer grow at low temps under 20 Celsius
Critical enzymes become denatured and thermal destruction of cellular structures, like the cell
membrane, and molecules, such as nucleic acids occurs. Damage from heat is not reversible and
will eventually kill the organism. - Answer What happens when temps exceed the optimum?
,The rate of cellular enzyme activity diminishes and lipids in the cell membranes begin to solidify,
impairing membrane function. Lower than the optimum inhibits growth but may not cause
death. - Answer What happens when tempuratures go lower than the optimum?
Thymine dimers to form within the DNA, resulting in mutation or death of cells. - Answer UV
radiation in living cells causes...
colorless pigment production, because pigments can provide protection against UV (which
causes mutation). Also it may provide beneficial characteristics for the organism. - Answer
Mutation in the gene(s) can cause...
Lethal Mutations - Answer this mutation results in death of the cell because the damaged
DNA cannot yield the RNA or protein production essential for cell survival.
Deinococcus radiodurans - Answer a non-endospore forming microorganism that is resistant
to UV radiation becuase of its highly efficient means of repairing the DNA damage. Halotolerant
neutrophile.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Answer Had a few colonies survive up to 4 minutes under UV
light, halotolerant, acidophile
Acidophiles - Answer grow at pH values below 6
Neutrophiles - Answer grow at pH that is close to 7
Basophiles or Alkalinophiles - Answer grow at pH that is above 7
Osmosis - Answer describes the flow of water from areas of less solute to areas of more
solute for equilibrium
Hypertonic - Answer When the concentration of solute is greater outside the cell than inside
it making it dehydrated
Plasmolysis - Answer when the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall and causes a
bacteriostatic condition
Bacteriostatic - Answer the condition where the cell generally does not die but ceases to
grow
, Hypotonic - Answer when the concentration of solute is lower outside of the cell than inside
it, causing water to flow into the cell
The cell will swell until it bursts - Answer What happens to cells that are hypotonic and lack a
cell wall?
Isotonic - Answer Water flows in and out of the cell but there is no net flow of water in one
direction.
Enzymes - Answer proteins that serve as biological catalysts
Extracellular enzymes - Answer enzymes that degrade large molecules into units that are
small enough to be transported across the cell membrane and into the cell
Endoenzymes - Answer enzymes that degrade molecules into simpler molecules, releasing
energy or synthesizing molecules that are needed by the cell
Inducible or Adaptive - Answer enzymes that are produced only if the appropriate substrate
is available
Constitutive - Answer enzymes that are essential to the cell and are produced at all times
Substrate - Answer The one substance that an enzyme can react with
Nosocomial infections - Answer Life-threatening infections that are aquired in a health-care
facility
Morphology vs physiology - Answer The cell size, shape, and arrangement of a bacterium vs
how the organism functions in an environment.
Catalase - Answer breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen; a
positive test results in bubbles
1) divide slide into sections and put 1 drop of H2O2 on each section
2) Aseptically transfercells from slant of Staph epi and Strepto mutans to their sections
3) mix and see if they produce bubbles - Answer What are the steps of the catalase test?
Final Exam and All Correct Answers.
1) Lactobacillus and Streptococcus
2) Sacchromyces - Answer 1) two genus that produce lactic acid
2) genus that produces CO2 and alcohol
False. GROWTH DOES NOT MEAN SURVIVAL - Answer Growth means survival (T/F)
Growth - Answer The organism remains under subjected treatment conditions long enough
to grow and divide.
Survival - Answer The organism is exposed to the treatment for a limited time but not
enough for division to occur, then removed to be assayed for subsequent growth.
Temperature and UV are for survival; pH and Osmotic Pressure are for growth. - Answer
What are the survival test procedures and what are the growth test procedures.
Pasteurization - Answer gentle heating (71.5-74 Celsius for 15-30 seconds) was used to
eliminate organisms that cause spoilage in a food product such as beer or wine.
Contains many species that produce endospores, and while vegetative cells are killed by boiling
water, endospores may survive and later germinate at room temperature. - Answer Describe
the genus Bacillus
Extreme Thermophiles - Answer grow at extremely high temps above 80 Celsius some with
optimum temps at 100 Celsius
Thermophiles - Answer grow at high temps (45 - 80 Celsius)
Mesophiles - Answer grow well at temps comfortable for humans (20 - 45 Celsius) many with
optimum growth at 37 Celsius
Psychrophiles - Answer grow at low temps under 20 Celsius
Critical enzymes become denatured and thermal destruction of cellular structures, like the cell
membrane, and molecules, such as nucleic acids occurs. Damage from heat is not reversible and
will eventually kill the organism. - Answer What happens when temps exceed the optimum?
,The rate of cellular enzyme activity diminishes and lipids in the cell membranes begin to solidify,
impairing membrane function. Lower than the optimum inhibits growth but may not cause
death. - Answer What happens when tempuratures go lower than the optimum?
Thymine dimers to form within the DNA, resulting in mutation or death of cells. - Answer UV
radiation in living cells causes...
colorless pigment production, because pigments can provide protection against UV (which
causes mutation). Also it may provide beneficial characteristics for the organism. - Answer
Mutation in the gene(s) can cause...
Lethal Mutations - Answer this mutation results in death of the cell because the damaged
DNA cannot yield the RNA or protein production essential for cell survival.
Deinococcus radiodurans - Answer a non-endospore forming microorganism that is resistant
to UV radiation becuase of its highly efficient means of repairing the DNA damage. Halotolerant
neutrophile.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Answer Had a few colonies survive up to 4 minutes under UV
light, halotolerant, acidophile
Acidophiles - Answer grow at pH values below 6
Neutrophiles - Answer grow at pH that is close to 7
Basophiles or Alkalinophiles - Answer grow at pH that is above 7
Osmosis - Answer describes the flow of water from areas of less solute to areas of more
solute for equilibrium
Hypertonic - Answer When the concentration of solute is greater outside the cell than inside
it making it dehydrated
Plasmolysis - Answer when the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall and causes a
bacteriostatic condition
Bacteriostatic - Answer the condition where the cell generally does not die but ceases to
grow
, Hypotonic - Answer when the concentration of solute is lower outside of the cell than inside
it, causing water to flow into the cell
The cell will swell until it bursts - Answer What happens to cells that are hypotonic and lack a
cell wall?
Isotonic - Answer Water flows in and out of the cell but there is no net flow of water in one
direction.
Enzymes - Answer proteins that serve as biological catalysts
Extracellular enzymes - Answer enzymes that degrade large molecules into units that are
small enough to be transported across the cell membrane and into the cell
Endoenzymes - Answer enzymes that degrade molecules into simpler molecules, releasing
energy or synthesizing molecules that are needed by the cell
Inducible or Adaptive - Answer enzymes that are produced only if the appropriate substrate
is available
Constitutive - Answer enzymes that are essential to the cell and are produced at all times
Substrate - Answer The one substance that an enzyme can react with
Nosocomial infections - Answer Life-threatening infections that are aquired in a health-care
facility
Morphology vs physiology - Answer The cell size, shape, and arrangement of a bacterium vs
how the organism functions in an environment.
Catalase - Answer breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen; a
positive test results in bubbles
1) divide slide into sections and put 1 drop of H2O2 on each section
2) Aseptically transfercells from slant of Staph epi and Strepto mutans to their sections
3) mix and see if they produce bubbles - Answer What are the steps of the catalase test?
