Physiology Exam 4
leaving the heart; bright red, oxygenated except
arterial blood
for blood going to lungs
entering the heart; dark red, deoxygenated
venous blood
except for blood coming from the lungs
Avg adult volume: 5 L
Blood
made of 45% formed elements and 55% plasma
serum plasma with proteins removed
liquid portion of the blood.
plasma contains water, proteins, antibodies, nutrients,
gases, electrolytes, waste products
a plasma carrier protein, most abundant in the
albumins
blood
gamma globulin is most common, free in
globulins (antibodies)
plasma
fibrinogen clotting factor, inactive until recruited
whole blood is 4.5-5.5x more viscous than water
viscosity
plasma is 2.0x more viscous than water
the total molarity of those dissolved particles
that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall.
too high- blood absorbs too much
blood osmolarity
water, increased BP
too low- too much water stays in tissues,
decreased BP, edema
carry O2 from lungs to cell tissues
pick up CO2 from tissues and brings to lungs
erythrocytes
lack all organelles including mitochondria,
nucleus, DNA
, 2 globular proteins (2 alpha, 2 beta)
hemoglobin
Heme group: Fe2+ binds one O2 molecule
Damage exposes collagen fibers to blood.
vascular spasm/constriction
blood clotting formation of a platelet plug.
coagulation: formation of a fibrin
protein web.
intact endothelium secretes prostacyclin and
nitric oxide causing vasodilation and inhibiting
platelet aggregation.
unbroken vessels
also secretes CD39 which breaks down
ADP into AMP and Pi to inhibit further
platelet activation
Damaged endothelium exposes collagen
1. glycoproteins bind to collage
2. von willebrand factor holds them there
3. platelets recruit more platelets and form
broken vessels a platelet plug by releasing
1. ADP, serotonin, Thromboxane
A2
4. activated platelets also activate plasma
clotting factors.
activated by exposure to collagen. cascade of
intrinsic coagulation other blood factors, amplifies extrinsic pathway.
can activate clotting factor X
initiated by tissue thromboplastin, more direct
extrinsic coagulation and shorter pathway.
can activate clotting factor X
blood flows from right heart to lungs
pulmonary circuit
gas exchange in lungs
blood flows from left heart to all body organs.
systemic circuit
gas exchange in organs
right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body
leaving the heart; bright red, oxygenated except
arterial blood
for blood going to lungs
entering the heart; dark red, deoxygenated
venous blood
except for blood coming from the lungs
Avg adult volume: 5 L
Blood
made of 45% formed elements and 55% plasma
serum plasma with proteins removed
liquid portion of the blood.
plasma contains water, proteins, antibodies, nutrients,
gases, electrolytes, waste products
a plasma carrier protein, most abundant in the
albumins
blood
gamma globulin is most common, free in
globulins (antibodies)
plasma
fibrinogen clotting factor, inactive until recruited
whole blood is 4.5-5.5x more viscous than water
viscosity
plasma is 2.0x more viscous than water
the total molarity of those dissolved particles
that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall.
too high- blood absorbs too much
blood osmolarity
water, increased BP
too low- too much water stays in tissues,
decreased BP, edema
carry O2 from lungs to cell tissues
pick up CO2 from tissues and brings to lungs
erythrocytes
lack all organelles including mitochondria,
nucleus, DNA
, 2 globular proteins (2 alpha, 2 beta)
hemoglobin
Heme group: Fe2+ binds one O2 molecule
Damage exposes collagen fibers to blood.
vascular spasm/constriction
blood clotting formation of a platelet plug.
coagulation: formation of a fibrin
protein web.
intact endothelium secretes prostacyclin and
nitric oxide causing vasodilation and inhibiting
platelet aggregation.
unbroken vessels
also secretes CD39 which breaks down
ADP into AMP and Pi to inhibit further
platelet activation
Damaged endothelium exposes collagen
1. glycoproteins bind to collage
2. von willebrand factor holds them there
3. platelets recruit more platelets and form
broken vessels a platelet plug by releasing
1. ADP, serotonin, Thromboxane
A2
4. activated platelets also activate plasma
clotting factors.
activated by exposure to collagen. cascade of
intrinsic coagulation other blood factors, amplifies extrinsic pathway.
can activate clotting factor X
initiated by tissue thromboplastin, more direct
extrinsic coagulation and shorter pathway.
can activate clotting factor X
blood flows from right heart to lungs
pulmonary circuit
gas exchange in lungs
blood flows from left heart to all body organs.
systemic circuit
gas exchange in organs
right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body
