Final Exam: WGU D522 Objective Assessment (New 2026/ 2027 Update) Python for IT Automation | Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers)

Final Exam: WGU D522 Objective Assessment (New 2026/ 2027 Update) Python for IT Automation | Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers) Q. Which data in a medical record would inform the nurse that a PRN pain medication can be administered to the patient? ANSWER The medication administration record and the nursing assessment notes from the last shift indicate the patient's level of comfort. Q. Which information in a patient's medical record will help a nurse plan and manage the patient's pain? ANSWER Physician orders Q. A patient completes the course of treatment for tuberculosis and is ready to be discharged home. Which instructions should be included in the patient's discharge education? Importance of completing the medication prescribed. Q. After a patient's assessment, a nurse observes a decrease in respiration and wheezing on auscultation. Which data set in the medical record informs the decision to implement the ineffective airway clearance nursing care plan? ANSWER The radiology report impression indicates pulmonary infiltrates and the nursing assessment indicates a decrease in respirations. Q. The health administrator at a clinic observes an increase in the number of patients with a complaint of difficulty breathing, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Which data in the electronic health record (EHR) will provide a cross-reference to the impacted patient population? ANSWER Patient demographic records Q. Which view in the electronic health record (EHR) confirms a patient's blood pressure is stabilizing? ANSWER Graphical trending Q. After a patient's initial assessment, a nurse observes an increase in edema, bilateral crackles, and persistent cough. Which data set in the medical record from the last shift informs the decision to implement the fluid volume overload care plan? ANSWER Nursing flowsheet and intake and output record Q. Which data set in the electronic health record (EHR) will assist in evaluating the number of positive influenza tests at a facility within the past year? ANSWER Laboratory records Q. Which patients are ideally positioned to fully engage in their care? ANSWER Patients that are recovering well after a full night of sleep. Q. A nurse is teaching a patient-centered health education course at a hospital. As an informatics nurse leveraging technology to help improve patient understanding, which learner would be more likely to have a low health literacy and require more focus? ANSWER An elderly person Q. What is true about improving health literacy? ANSWER Improving health literacy leads to better patient outcomes. Q. A nurse assists with implementing a new remote patient monitoring (RPM) system for collecting patient data, which improves patient outcomes. Which task is a high priority for an informatics clinician when implementing a new technology for patient data collection? ANSWER Identify and define the goal of the technology. Q. Patient use of technology has increased dramatically. While patients are more active in their care, a nurse notes they are often misinformed or obtain information that is inaccurate. Which recommendation should the nurse give to ensure education is accurate? ANSWER List credible education resources for the patient's research. Q. What does the informatics nurse recommend to increase attendance to follow-up appointments? ANSWER Automated text or email reminders Q. Pharmacy adds a field into the medication administration record to document the lot number when a chemo medication is administered but fails to communicate this to the nurse responsible for the medication administration documentation. What is a consequence of this action? Pharmacy cannot determine if there is a problem with a medication batch. Q. A nurse thinks the electronic health record (EHR) has too many documentation fields, making it difficult to know where to document some items. As a result, the nurse uses the notes instead or in addition to documenting in a specific field in the health record. What is the least significant impact of this action? ANSWER Duplicate documentation appears multiple times in the chart. Q. A nurse is working in a medical-surgical unit assigned care for five patients. The nurse has many tasks to accomplish during a shift. Which informatics solution assists in ensuring these tasks are accomplished? ANSWER Electronic checklist Q. Which barrier to healthcare informatics use does the HITECH Act aim to reduce? ANSWER Financial Q. A project team is moving a hospital from using paper charting to using an electronic health record for documentation. How should the project team roll out the software to reduce the impact on the hospital? ANSWER A large stand-alone department should go live first. Q. While reviewing electronic nursing documentation, a nurse identifies that a patient's vital signs have declined since the previous shift. Which health information system assisted in this identification? ANSWER Electronic health record (EHR) Q. The nurse manager of an outpatient laboratory clinic is investigating decreased patient satisfaction scores and cited delays in receiving lab results. The first step is to review testing turnaround times for the clinic. Which health information system (HIS) should the nurse manager review for this data? ANSWER Laboratory information systems (LIS) Q. What is a patient safety benefit of a pharmacy information system (PIS)? ANSWER Alerts regarding allergies and interactions Q. Standardized terminology was implemented to promote interoperability across electronic health records (EHRs). Which terminology is specific to laboratory tests, orders, and results? ANSWER LOINC Q. A nurse performing patient discharge from a facility provides a continuity of care document (CCD) to a patient and explains the document and contents at discharge. What is a benefit provided by the CCD? ANSWER It provides a summary of care to patients and clinicians. Q. What are patient portals? ANSWER Patient portals are facility-owned and associated with an electronic health record. Q. A hospital notes a decreased use of barcoded medication administration (BCMA) along with an increase in medication errors. What should be the next course of action? ANSWER Monitor BCMA usage reports for trends. Q. A heparin medication error and a subsequent failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) results in the purchase of smart pumps. How do smart pumps reduce the potential for medication errors? ANSWER Dosing limits and alerts are provided. Q. Mobile health (mHealth) apps have demonstrated benefits to patients by increasing engagement and participation in care. What is a benefit for clinicians? ANSWER Integrates with electronic health records (EHRs) Q. A facility has noted a decrease in revenue related to inaccuracies in coding. A nurse recommends computer-assisted coding (CAC) as a solution. What is the financial benefit of CAC? ANSWER CAC improves coding accuracy. Q. A nurse manager is informed that bedside nurses have begun using a workaround for scanning a patient's armband prior to medication administration. The nurse manager finds that several patients are missing armbands and that their armbands are connected to their bed frames. What is the nurse manager's first course of action for this workaround to bedside-scanning technology? ANSWER Question nursing staff about what issues have caused this. Q. Currently, a facility uses phones and pagers for clinician communication. This technology is due for replacement. A nurse recommends replacing with all-in-one mobile devices. What is the benefit of all-in-one mobile technology over the current devices? ANSWER It integrates functionality within the EHR. Q. A nurse in a primary care provider's office needs to review results from a patient's cardiology consultation. Using health information exchange (HIE) technology, the nurse requests this information from the cardiologist's office. Which type of exchange is described? ANSWER Query based. Q. An informatics nurse is working on genomics data to facilitate disease identification and develop individualized treatment plans for patients in a complex medical facility. What is considered a fundamental requirement for valid interpretation of genomics data? ANSWER High throughput computing system Q. Which medical device is useful in establishing an effective monitoring system for a patient with acute brain injury? ANSWER Temperature probe Q. An informatics nurse is collaborating with a nursing director of a long-term care facility to address an ongoing issue with medication errors. Which solution should they consider? ANSWER Use digital platform and barcode systems. Q. What are the correct steps in medication administration that require scanning verification? ANSWER Scan the serial numbers on the medication label and patient's identification bracelet. Which healthcare data set would allow identification of performance gaps and establishment of realistic targets for improvement? Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) Which situation places a clinical decision support system (CDSS) at risk for corrupt datasets? A nurse updates a patient's medical history after learning of a medical condition via social media. A team of healthcare workers were stunned when a reality show actor was brought to their emergency unit. A few of them took videos of the actor and streamed them live on social media. Which law did the healthcare workers possibly violate? Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) 1. The nursing unit of a major hospital is revisiting their policy on the use of mobile devices for accessing the EMR. Which guideline should take precedence? Ensure legal and regulatory compliance. 1. The hospital director asks the informatics nurse about an effective patient record management system. Which basic feature of a patient health record (PHR) system would the informatics nurse endorse? Encourage the active participation of patients in the management of their condition. 1. In which situation should the informatics nurse recommend the use of regression testing? When a new feature is added to the existing hospital management system 1. How does an informatics nurse apply expertise in workflow and technology? By analyzing the impact of new technologies 1. Physicians rely on free text notes for a significant amount of their patient-related documentation. An organization is reviewing data to identify and progress toward set goals related to patient outcomes. What challenge does this present? Qualitative data is manually extracted from the health record. 1. A healthcare organization has determined which outcomes it wants to improve over the next year and what changes will be implemented to help the organization achieve its goals. The organization builds an interactive reminder tool in the electronic health record (EHR) for staff. Data can be collected from this tool to determine if the changes are implemented. Which type of data collection is this? Checklist 1. A charge nurse uses the department's smartphone to send a text message containing the patient's last name, room number, and most recent vital signs to the attending physician. Which federal act does this violate? Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) 1. A nurse scans the barcode of a medication prior to administering it to a patient. Which metric is reduced when a healthcare system implements a policy which promotes barcode scanning of medications? Medication Errors 1. Which entity is required by The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) to remove identifying information before sharing information publicly? Billing Company 1. A clinic employee left a message at home for a patient that included details of both a medical condition and treatment plan. The patient requested any contact regarding medical conditions be done through the patient's work phone number. What should the clinic's next steps be? Train employees to provide only the minimum necessary information in messages. 1. Pharmacies are required to maintain logbooks regarding pseudoephedrine purchases. A pharmacy kept their logbooks open on the counter where patients approach to pick up prescription medications. Which statement is true regarding the pharmacy's logbook? HIPAA was violated as the logbooks contain protected health information. 1. After a patient leaves an appointment with a healthcare provider, a nurse notices that the patient's printed visit information was left in a public location. Which action adheres to the ethical and legal requirements for the disposal of this material? The nurse disposes of the printed document in the appropriate document shredder. 1. A nurse supporting a new employee within a patient care setting witnesses the new employee incorrectly explaining their patient's procedure to other employees in the cafeteria. Which action should the nurse perform? Remind the group of the privacy requirements. 1. What are the requirements for data collection and tracking in clinical healthcare research? Include all data whether or not it aligns with the expected outcome. 1. A nurse is documenting the electronic record of a patient while in a common area. The nurse is called away to briefly assist nearby. Which action is correct for the nurse to complete prior to assisting in the other area? Close the record and log out of the account. 1. Which information should a nurse consider as protected health information (PHI) while evaluating a patient's records? The patient's gender and date of birth 1. An adult asks a nurse to look up lab results for their adult family member. How should the nurse respond to this request? Explain to the family member that lab results are protected health information and can only be released to the patient or an authorized representative. 1. A mother brings her child to the emergency department after noticing the child had trouble breathing, refused breastfeeding, and no urine in the diaper within the last eight hours. The provider suspects respiratory syncytial virus and admits the infant to the hospital. How will data in the medical record inform the decision to select appropriate infection-control precautions? The data will identify the pathogen causing the patient's symptoms. 1. A nurse admits an infant with a severe, hacking cough who is vomiting and who has had a fever for the past two weeks. Which data in the electronic health record (EHR) informs the decision to implement infection-control precautions? The nasopharyngeal swab culture results indicate the patient is positive for Bordetella pertussis. 1. A patient is admitted to the hospital with a painful rash on the left side of the face. The provider orders the patient to be placed on contact precautions. Which data in the electronic health record (EHR) informed the decision to implement contact precautions? The skin culture results indicate the presence of the varicella-zoster virus. 1. During the evening shift, a nurse notices a significant change in a patient's blood pressure as compared to the morning shift. Which 24-hour trend information in the electronic health record (EHR) will help the nurse further evaluate and manage the patient's blood pressure? The intake and output record 1. We have the date on how much each of our patients paid over the last year, covering thousands of transactions. Which graph would be best to display this data? Histogram 1. Looking at a survey of your facilities patients, you see that 917 patients found your company using an online search, 425 by word of mouth and 217 by seeing your ads on TV. Which graph would be best to display this data? Bar Graph 1. Which two care settings would benefit the most from employing a nurse informatics? A correctional facility with a clinic; A healthcare organization planning a physical expansion. 1. Which two practice environments employ informatics nurses? A medical device manufacturer and clinical system vendor 1. Which information in an electronic medical record (EMR) helps a nurse plan and manage a patient's post-operative care after an open-heart surgery? Providers Orders 1. Which information in a patient's electronic medical record (EMR), in addition to the nursing flowsheets and provider orders, helps a nurse plan and manage fluctuations in blood glucose levels? MAR 1. A nurse is planning the care for a patient admitted to the hospital with COVID. Which list of information in the EMR will help the nurse plan the care for this patient? The patient's laboratory results over the last 72 hours. 1. Which clinical note type is exempt from being shared with patients according to the United States Core Data for Interoperability (USCDI) standards? Psychotherapy notes 1. OR staff are reliant on a manual whiteboard for patient tracking. Recently, surgeons have complained that the turnaround time between surgical cases has increased and blame the manual system. An informatics nurse recommends expanding the use of the existing surgical information system (SIS). Which resolution can improve this workflow issue? Radiofrequency identification (RFID) in patient labels 1. An ER doctor needs patients' data from a different state. Does the doctor need patient permission to get it? No 1. Two nurses are in the cafeteria talking about lab reports and they commit HIPAA violations. What is the action? $100-50,000 Fines 1. Medication alert pop ups and what system is alerting? Clinical Decision Support (CDS) System 1. Patient Discharge Teaching things to consider: Teach back, 5th grade level, starts on admission, time of day (especially for diabetics), increase font size or ask the patient what works best for them. 1. The hospital announced its integration engine has stopped functioning. What does this mean for system interoperability throughout the organization? Manually chart the VS 1. What is a barrier and benefit to using biometrics? Barrier - Financial; Benefit - Security 1. During which phase of the systems development life cycle should a system be activated to effectively be used by end users Implementation 1. RN needs to override a medication, which one would she NOT override? Comfort Care patient with 2 new orders 1. Nurse sends message to doctor, "Mr. Smith, BP 84/74. 54" Not enough information for the doctor to prescribe treatment. 1. A hospital has a surgical department that uses a different EHR from the main EHR (integrated). When a physician inputs an order in the surgical department, how would you ensure that it is in the main EHR? Chart in one and it will go into the EHR. 1. Statewide HIE responsible for implementing interoperability standards. What is the name of the state level HIE and what is the mission off it? Health Level 7 (HL7); To provide a comprehensive framework and related standards for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of EHI; enhance interoperability. 1. Which informatics solution assists in ensuring tasks are accomplished? Electronic checklists 1. To monitor a patient's blood glucose level, you will need: A nurse flow sheet 1. Workflow analysis: Also known as the process analysis, involves identifying, prioritizing and ordering tasks and information needed to achieve the intended results of a clinical or business process. Workflow analysis mitigates these rights and increases the chances for success in an IT implementation. 1. Treatment of patient related to BP measures or fluctuation blood glucose levels: Medication administration and MAR 1. The ER is trying to improve quality of care and decrease the waste time. Nurse recognizes a problem and thinks of which solution: Planning phase when the nurse recognizes a problem and solution. 1. To create an informatics culture, you should: Assess current state to determine gaps. 1. A rural hospital is planning to implement teleradiology in its busy ER department. What is a security consideration in teleradiology implementations? Access to patient images 1. A high number of data-entry fields in the EHR can be overwhelming for staff and make it difficult to find where information should be documented. Which informatics solution could solve this problem? Cascading documentation 1. How can informatics be used to assess a person's health literacy? Informatics can evaluate current state and determine the resources needed to determine a patient's level of understanding. 1. A provider receives a request from a third-party for details of a patients encounter. When must the provider obtain consent from the patient before releasing this information? When it is provided to be a life insurer for coverage purposes (do not release life health records to life insurance unless allowed by patient) 1. A facility recently implemented a new EHR. End nurses are now suggesting changes to improve the HR and workflow processes. Which phase in the SDLC does this describe? Maintenance 1. High priority task for informatics clinician when implementing a new technology for data collection is: Identify and define goal of technology. 1. What is regression testing? Ensures app still functions as expected after an update or change in improvement 1. Nurse finds 100 errors in coding: AHIMA and report to nurse manager 1. Constipation treatment: Physician orders (plan and manage) for PRN medications. 1. Where to look to further evaluate and manage patients with significant BP? intake and output 1. What is the benefit of the internet? Improve communication and teamwork. 1. A nurse is asked to be part of a study. What should the nurse do? Provide de-identified data. 1. In order to institute isolation precautions, you will need: Pathology report to confirm the pathogen. 1. A researcher wants patient's data for a journal, what do you need to provide? Patient consent and de-identified information/data 1. Identifiable Patient information is also called: Personal data, personal information and IPI 1. Busy ER, what can a nurse do to help? Nurse can start the admission process. 1. Staff is resistant to tele-ICU (implementing new process). What are the benefits? Improve workflow, Resources and expertise. 1. Benefit of MD using CPOE and DSS? Alerts when ordering Viagra when patient is taking a cardiac medication. 1. Patient transferring from the ED to the ICU. Information comes from: Progress notes of the previous nurse (if in the same hospital) OR HIE (from different hospital) 1. Patient is being transported to another hospital. The first hospital uses one system, and the admitting hospital uses a different system. What does the nurse need to do in order to obtain the patients information from the ED visit? Request a copy of the medical record from the transport team. 1. Ethical/legal issue with rural hospital and tele-radiology: State licensing issue 1. Clinical data enters the date warehouse in a de-identified state. Ensures data is clean and accurate. 1. Doctors use RFID (radio frequency identification) for which purpose? Improve documentation time and Improve access to documentation. 1. Benefit of mHealth Integrates with EHR 1. What is Analysis? New technology going to roll out and staff is deciding what can make it better. 1. Where to get information from? Medline 1. What is Administrative Information System (AIS)? Systems that support patient care by managing financial and demographic information and providing reporting capabilities. 1. What is the Affordable Care Act? US legislation intended to improve healthcare quality through using information technology ensuring affordable care and increasing the number of insured persons. 1. What is the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)? Agency within the Department of Health and Human Services devoted to improving healthcare quality and safety 1. What is alarm fatigue? Phenomenon that occurs when the volume of alerts, alarms, or warning messages acts contrary to intention through desensitizing the clinician to the indicators and/or the purpose. 1. What is the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)? legislation enacted in 2009 to revitalize the nation's economy and create jobs. Authorized incentive payments to specific types of hospitals and healthcare professionals for adopting and using interoperable HIT and EHRS 1. What is analytics? Discovery, interpretation and communication of meaningful patterns from data to offer solutions and drive decisions 1. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? Use of algorithms and other technologies to mimic human cognition and predict outcomes. 1. What is an audit trail? Electronic tool that can tract system access by individual user, by user class or by all persons who viewed a specific client record 1. What is authentication? Action that verifies the authority of users to receive specified 1. What is Benchmarking? indicators against which a process is measured 1. What is Big Data? Very large data sets that are beyond human capability to analyze or manage without the aid of information technology. 1. What is Biometrics? A unique measurable characteristic of trait of a human being for automatically recognizing or verifying identity 1. What is Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS)? supports healthcare practitioners in making patient care decisions by integrating patient data with current clinical knowledge 1. What is Clinical Information System (CIS)? also known as patient care information system; Large computerized database management systems used to access the patient data that are needed to plan, implement, and evaluate care 1. What is Computer Literacy? Familiarity with the use of computers, including software tools such as word processing, spreadsheets, databases, presentation graphics and email 1. What is Computerized Provider Order System (CPOS)? An application that supports direct electronic entry of patient-care-related orders by authorized practitioners and direct transmission of those orders to designated entities. 1. What is Confidentiality? Tacit understanding that private information shared in a situation in which a relationship has been established for the purpose of treatment or delivery of services will remain protected 1. What is the Consolidated-Clinical Document Architecture (C-CDA)? standard that provides a framework for the encoding, formatting and semantics of electronic documents 1. What is the Continuity of Care Record (CCR)? Technical informatics standard that provides a snapshot of a person's current health and healthcare to a provider who does not have access to that person EHR 1. What is the 21st Century Cures Act? Enacted in 2016, advanced interoperability and patient access to EHI 1. What is Data? Collection of numbers, characters or facts that are gathered according to some perceived need for analysis and possibly action at a later point in time 1. What is Data Analysis? identifies patterns in data and then uses models to recommend actions 1. What is Data Cleansing/Data Scrubbing? Use of software to improve the quality of data to ensure that it is accurate enough to use in data mining and warehousing. Removes incorrect, incomplete, duplicate, or improperly formatted items using special software 1. What is Data Governance? Collection of policies, standards, processes and controls applied to an organizations data to ensure that it is available to appropriate persons when, where, and in the format needed while maintaining security 1. What is Data Integrity? Ability to collect, store, and retrieve correct, complete, and current data so that the data are available to authorized users when needed. 1. What is Data Mining? Technique that looks for hidden patters and relationships in large groups of data using software 1. What is Data Warehouse? Provides a powerful method of managing and analyzing data 1. What is a Database? File structure that supports the storage of data in an organized fashion and allows data retrieval as meaningful information 1. What is eHealth Literacy? Ability to use electronic sources to search for, find, comprehend and evaluate information and images found online and apply acquired knowledge to address or solve a health issue 1. What is Electronic Health Record System (EHRS)? Database-management software enabling the many functions needed to create and maintain an EHR 1. What is Electronic Medical Record (EMR)? Legal record created in hospitals and ambulatory settings of a single encounter or visit that is the source of data for the EHR 1. What is Evidence Based Practice (EBP)? Using current best evidence for patient care decisions in order to improve patient outcomes. 1. What is Fishbone Diagram? structured visual approach to look at cause and effect 1. What is Gantt Chart? Graphic presentation that shows a project schedule with start and finish dates of selected component tasks and the person responsible for each task; used for at-a-glance management 1. What is Go-Live? Data when an information system is first used, or the process of starting to use an information system 1. What is Health Information Exchange (HIE)? Electronic sharing of relevant patient information between providers, hospitals, specialists and ambulatory settings 1. What is Health Information Technology (HIT)? Information systems and other information technology used to record, monitor, and deliver patient care as well as perform managerial 1. What is Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH)? Provision of ARRA that aimed to ensure that healthcare organizations were adopting EHRSs and validating their implementation by showing MU 1. What is Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)? Enacted in 1996, created standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patients consent or knowledge. 1. What is Health Literacy? Degree to which individuals can obtain, process, and understand the basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions 1. What is Healthcare Information Systems (HIS)? Computer hardware and software dedicated to the collection, storage, processing, retrieval and communication of patient care information in a healthcare organization 1. What is Informatics? Science and art of turning data into information 1. What is information? Collection of data that have been interpreted and examined for patterns and structure 1. What is information blocking? interference with the access, exchange, or use of electronic health information 1. What is Information Literacy? Ability to recognize when information is needed as well as the skills to find, evaluate and use needed information effectively 1. What is Information System? A computer system that uses hardware and software to process data into information in order to solve a problem 1. What is International Classification of Disease - 10th Revision (ICD-10)? an international standard diagnostic classification for health management purposes and clinical use; it is used for reimbursement and to classify mortality and morbidity data from patient records 1. What is Interoperability? the ability of two entities, human or machine, to exchange and predictably use data or information while retaining the original meaning of that data 1. What is Knowledge? synthesis of information derived from several sources to produce a single concept or idea 1. What is Logical Security? non-tangible protocols used for identification, authentication, authorization and accountability 1. What is Meaningful Use (MU)? Use of HIT legislated by the ARRA of 2009 to collect specific data with the intent to improve care and population health, engage patients, and ensure privacy and security 1. What is Metadata? Set of data that provides information about how, when and by whom data are collected, formatted, and stored 1. What is Mission? purpose or reason for an organization's existence, representing the fundamental and unique aspirations that differentiate it from others 1. What is National Health Information Network? The Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) for HIT initiative to provide the standards, services, and policies that enable secure HIE over the internet 1. What is Network? Combination of hardware and software that allows the communication and electronic transfer of information between computers 1. What is Patient-Generated Health Data (PGHD)? health related data created, recorded, or gathered by patients (or family members/caregivers) to help address a health concern 1. What is Phishing? A ruse to get consumers to divulge personal information through social engineering and technical subterfuge via the use of electronic communications 1. What is Physical Security? protection of physical items, objects or areas from unauthorized access and misuse 1. What is Predictive Analysis? (predictive modeling) uses past and current data to forecast the likelihood that an event will occur 1. What is Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM)? personal health and medical data collected from an individual at one site via electronic communication technologies and transmitted to a provider at a different site for use in care and related support 1. What is Radio-frequency identification (RFID)? wireless technology that creates detectable electromagnetic waves 1. What is Roll-Out? Staggered/rolling system implementation; also known as preceding marketing campaign 1. What is Scope Creep? unexpected and uncontrolled growth of user expectations as a project progresses 1. What is Stakeholder? Persons with a vested interest in a project because it will impact them in some way 1. What is Standardized Terminologies? Structured, controlled languages developed according to terminology development guidelines and approved 1. What is Store-and-Forward Technology? Asynchronous connected health applications that can transmit recorded health information through secure communication networks to a provider 1. What is Strategic Plan? A process that creates an entity's vision of the future, develops broad goals for reaching that future and specifies high level steps for achieving goals 1. What is Syndromic Surveillance? Processes that focus on near real time use of early disease indicators to detect and characterize evens that may need health investigation 1. What is System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)? A sequence of activities in the planning, designing, testing, implementation and evaluation of an information system 1. What is SWOT Analysis? A process that examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a given situation 1. What is Teleconferencing? use of computers, audio and video equipment, and communication links to provide interaction between 2+ persons at 2+ sites 1. What is Telehealth? provision of information to healthcare providers and consumers and the delivery of services to clients at remote sites through the use of telecommunication and computer technology 1. What is Telemedicine? Use of telecommunication technologies and computers to provide medical information and services to clients at another site 1. What is Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform (TIGER) Initiative? 2004 initiative that called together stakeholders with the goal to develop a US Nursing workforce capable of using EHR to improve the delivery of healthcare 1. What is Translational Research? an approach to research that seeks to produce meaningful, applicable results 1. What is Usability? Specific issues of human performance in achieving specific goals during computer interactions within a particular context 1. What is Vision? Future oriented high-level view of what an organization would like to become that provides direction for planning purposes 1. What is Virus? A malicious program that can disrupt or destroy data 1. What is Wisdom? Application of knowledge to manage and solve problems 1. What is AI? Artificial Intelligence 1. What is AIS? Administrative Information System 1. What is AHRQ? Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality 1. What is ARRA? American Recover and Reinvestment Act of 2009 1. What is AHIMA? American Health Information Management Association 1. What is BCMA? Barcode Medication Administration 1. What is CAC? Computer Assisted Coding 1. What is CCD? Continuity of Care Documentation 1. What is C-CDA? Consolidated-Clinical Document Architecture 1. What is CCR? Continuity of Care Record 1. What is SWOT? Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats 1. What is CDSS? Clinician Decision Support System 1. What is CIS? Clinical Information System 1. What is CMS? Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services 1. What is CPOE? Computerized provider order entry 1. What is TCP? Transmission Control Protocol 1. What is TIGER? Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform 1. What is RPM? Remote Patient Monitoring 1. What is RxNorm? Medical Prescription Normalized (contains all US drug names) 1. What is CPOS? Computerized provider order System 1. What is SDLC? System Development Life Cycle 1. What is CPT? Current Procedural Terminology 1. What is DIKW? Data Information Knowledge Wisdom Framework 1. What is EBP? Evidence Based Practice 1. What is EHR? Electronic Health Record 1. What is SNOMED? Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (related to HIE) 1. What is PLMC? Project Management Lifestyle Cycle 1. What is RCA? Root Cause Analysis 1. What is RFID? Radio-Frequency Identification 1. What is EHRS? Electronic Health Record System 1. What is RIS? Radiology Information System 1. What is EMR? Electronic Medical Record 1. What is ePHI? Electronic Protected Health Information 1. What is HI? Healthcare Informatics 1. What is HIE? Health Information Exchange 1. What is MU? Meaningful Use 1. What is PIS? Pharmacy Information System 1. What is PGHD? Patient-Generated Health Data 1. What is IP? Internet Protocol 1. What is HIS? Healthcare Information Systems 1. What is HIT? Health Information Technology 1. What is HITECH? Health Information Technology for Economics and Clinical Health Act 1. What is HL7? Health Level 7 1. What is ICD-10? International Classification of Diseases - 10th Revision 1. What is LIS? Laboratory Information System 1. What is LOINC? Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (used for lab) 1. What is MIPS? Merit-Based Incentive Payment System Indentation in Python Python uses indentation (spaces or tabs at the start of a line) to define code blocks instead of braces. Consistent indentation is required for structures like if statements, loops, and function definitions. Variable in Python A variable is a named reference to a value in memory. You create one by simply assigning a value to a name using =. Basic data types in Python Important built-in data types include Integer (int), Floating-point (float), String (str), Boolean (bool), and NoneType. Integer in Python Whole numbers (e.g. 42, -5). Floating-point in Python Decimal numbers (e.g. 3.14, 0.5). String in Python Text sequences in quotes (e.g. 'Hello'). Boolean in Python Truth values True or False. NoneType in Python The special value None indicating 'no value.' Type checking in Python You can use the type() function to check an object's type. For example, type(42) returns class 'int'. Type conversion in Python Use Python's built-in conversion functions like int(), float(), str(), and bool(). int() function Converts a string to an integer. For example, int('123') converts '123' to 123. str() function Converts a number to a string. For example, str(123) converts 123 to '123'. Operators in Python Operators are symbols that perform operations on values, including arithmetic and comparison operators. Arithmetic operators in Python Include + (addition), - (subtraction), (multiplication), / (division), // (floor division), % (modulus), and * (exponentiation). Comparison operators in Python Include == (equal to), != (not equal), , =, , =. Common pitfall in Python Using = instead of == in a condition, which causes a syntax error. // operator in Python The // operator is the floor division operator. Reading from files in Python Involves opening a file and counting lines. Python's built-in documentation Can be accessed using the help() function. Dynamic typing in Python Python is dynamically typed, meaning you don't declare types explicitly. Reassigning variables in Python A variable can refer to data of any type and can be reassigned to a different type later. Common advice for D522 Mastering core Python basics, doing all Zybooks labs and quizzes, and practicing coding exercises. Fundamental data types and structures in Python Include strings, lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries. Example of improper indentation An improperly indented line will cause an IndentationError or unexpected behavior. Floor Division It divides two numbers and returns the largest integer less than or equal to the result. Example of Floor Division 17 // 5 evaluates to 3 because 17/5 is 3.4 and floor division drops the fractional part. Negative Floor Division Example -5 // 2 gives -3 (since -2.5 floored is -3). Modulo Operator (%) The % operator computes the remainder of a division. Example of Modulo 7 % 3 equals 1 (since 7 divided by 3 has remainder 1). Even Divisibility Check x % 2 == 0 checks if x is even. Cycling Through Values Using i % 7 to wrap an index every 7 elements. Leap Year Determination year % 4 checks if a year is a leap year. Modulo with Negative Numbers Python's result will have the same sign as the divisor. Logical Operators in Python Logical operators combine or modify boolean values. Logical AND and returns True if both operands are True. Logical OR or returns True if at least one operand is True. Logical NOT not negates a boolean value. Short-Circuit Evaluation In (expr1 and expr2), expr2 is only evaluated if expr1 is True. String Concatenation Joining strings end-to-end using the + operator. Example of String Concatenation "Hello, " + "world!" results in "Hello, world!". Formatted Strings You can use f-strings for concatenation and interpolation. TypeError in Concatenation Trying to concatenate a string with an integer will raise a TypeError. Escape Sequences Special characters can be included using escape sequences. Newline Escape Sequence n represents a newline. Tab Escape Sequence t represents a tab. Including Quotes in Strings Use " for double quotes in double-quoted strings. Multi-line Strings Use triple quotes ("""...""" or '''...''') to preserve line breaks. List in Python An ordered, mutable collection of items defined with square brackets. Accessing List Elements Elements can be accessed by index (zero-based). Common List Operations Append an item, remove an item, length of list, and slicing. Tuple in Python An ordered, immutable collection of items typically defined with parentheses. Key Difference Between Tuple and List A tuple cannot be changed (no item assignment or append). Tuple A tuple is used to ensure a sequence of values should not be modified and can be used as keys in dictionaries. Set A set is an unordered collection of unique elements that automatically eliminates duplicate values. Dictionary A dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs defined with curly braces using the format {key: value}. len() function The len() function returns the number of elements in a collection or the number of characters in a string. Indexing Indexing is how you access elements in ordered sequences, starting at 0 for the first element. Negative Indexing Negative indexing counts from the end of a sequence, where -1 refers to the last element. == operator The == operator checks for equality of value between two objects. is operator The is operator checks for identity, determining if two references point to the same object in memory. islower() method The islower() method checks if all alphabetic letters in a string are lowercase. isupper() method The isupper() method checks if all alphabetic letters in a string are uppercase. Membership Test A membership test checks if an element is present in a collection, e.g., if x in ids. Union Operation The union operation combines two sets, returning a set with all unique elements from both. Intersection Operation The intersection operation returns a set of elements common to both sets. Difference Operation The difference operation returns a set of elements in the first set but not in the second. Accessing Tuple Elements Accessing elements of a tuple is done in the same way as with lists, using indexing. Creating a Set You can create a set with curly braces or the set() constructor, e.g., ids = {101, 102, 103}. Removing a Key from Dictionary To remove a key from a dictionary, use del student['city'] or the pop method. Adding/Updating Dictionary Entries You can add or update entries in a dictionary using the syntax student['key'] = value. Accessing Dictionary Values Values in a dictionary can be accessed by their associated keys, e.g., student['name']. IndexError An IndexError is raised when an index is out of range in a sequence. Example of Negative Indexing For my_list = [10, 20, 30], my_list[-1] returns 30. Example of Equality Check a = [1,2]; b = [1,2]; a == b is True, but a is b is False. Example of Identity Check c = a; c is a would be True, since c references the same object as a. er() Returns True if all the alphabetic characters in string s are lowercase (and there is at least one alphabetic character), otherwise False. er() Returns True if all the alphabetic characters are uppercase. greet function Defines a function that takes one parameter name and returns a greeting string. return statement Specifies the value that a function call will produce; it exits the function immediately and yields the given value to the caller. print() Outputs to the console and returns None; it does not give a value back to the caller. parameters Variable names in a function definition that specify what inputs the function expects. arguments The actual values provided to the parameters when calling the function. default parameter values Allows a function to be called without explicitly providing that argument; if omitted, the default is used. scope Refers to the region of the code where a variable is visible/accessible. local variable Defined inside a function and exists only within that function's scope. global variable Defined at the top level of a module and can be accessed by any code in that module. TypeError An error raised by Python when the wrong number of arguments is passed to a function. greet('Alice') Executes the greet function with 'Alice' as the argument for name. add function Defines a function that takes two parameters and returns their sum. result = add(5, 3) Stores the return value of the add function when called with arguments 5 and 3. message='Hello' Defines a default value for the message parameter in the greet function. greet('Bob') Calls the greet function using the default message 'Hello'. greet('Bob', 'Hi') Calls the greet function overriding the default message with 'Hi'. function body The indented block under the function definition that contains the code to be executed. None The default return value of a function that does not explicitly return a value. f-string A way to format strings in Python using the syntax f'...' to embed expressions inside string literals. function call The action of executing a function by typing its name followed by parentheses and passing any required arguments. message = f'Hello, {name}!' An example of using an f-string to create a greeting message in the greet function. function arguments Values passed into a function when it is called, which can be used within the function. pass by value A method of passing arguments where a copy of the value is passed, preventing modification of the original. pass by reference A method of passing arguments where a reference to the original object is passed, allowing modification of the original. lambda function An anonymous, small function defined with the lambda keyword that can take any number of arguments but has only one expression. mutable type A data type in Python that can be changed after it is created, such as lists and dictionaries. immutable type A data type in Python that cannot be changed after it is created, such as integers, floats, strings, and tuples. get_stats function A function that returns multiple values (total, count, average) by returning a tuple. open() function A built-in function in Python used to open a file for reading or writing. custom functions Functions created by the programmer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to built-in functions. pow function A built-in function that calculates the power of a number, taking two arguments: the base and the exponent. function parameters Variables defined in a function that receive the values passed as arguments. squared function A function that takes a number as input and returns its square. file path The location of a file in the file system, which is used when opening a file. WGU D522 course A course that expects students to create custom functions to solve problems, involving writing functions from scratch. unpacking values The process of assigning multiple returned values from a function to separate variables. sorting keys Using a lambda function as a key argument in sorting functions to determine the order of elements based on specific criteria. read mode The mode 'r' used with open() to read the contents of a file. context manager A construct that ensures resources are properly managed, such as automatically closing a file after its block is executed. readlines() method A method that reads all lines from a file and returns them as a list. iterating over file object A method to read a file line by line, which is memory-efficient. write mode The mode 'w' used with open() to write to a file, which overwrites the file or creates a new one. append mode The mode 'a' used with open() to add content to the end of a file without erasing existing content. write() method A method that writes a string to a file. newline character A character used to indicate the end of a line, represented as 'n'. writelines() method A method that writes a list of strings to a file. text mode The default mode for opening files, which treats the file as text and expects a specific encoding. binary mode A mode for opening files that treats the file as a binary stream, reading and writing bytes. FileNotFoundError An exception raised when trying to open a file that does not exist. try/except A construct used to handle exceptions in Python, allowing the program to continue running after an error. s() A method to check if a file exists before trying to open it. memory-efficient file reading Reading a file line by line to avoid loading the entire file into memory at once. process(line) A placeholder function representing any operation to be performed on each line read from a file. CSV file A CSV (Comma-Separated Values) file is a text file that represents tabular data, where each line is a row and columns are separated by commas (or other delimiters like tabs). csv module Python provides a csv module in the standard library to simplify reading and writing CSV files. csv.DictReader csv.DictReader can use the first line as header keys and return each row as a dictionary. r r is used for writing to CSV files. strip() method The .strip() method on a string removes leading/trailing whitespace, including newlines. rstrip() method The .rstrip("n") method removes just the newline at the end of the string. with open(...) as f: This syntax is a context manager in file handling that ensures the file is closed when exiting the block. if, elif, else statements They allow you to execute code conditionally, with indentation marking the code blocks for each branch. for loop in Python A for loop in Python iterates directly over elements of a sequence (like a list, tuple, string, or range), rather than using an index counter. C-style for loop A C-style loop typically uses an index counter, such as for (int i=0; in; i++) { ... }. range() function range() generates a sequence of numbers and is often used in for-loops when you need to loop a certain number of times or over indices. enumerate() function enumerate() allows you to loop over a sequence while keeping track of the index. leading/trailing whitespace Leading/trailing whitespace includes spaces and newline characters at the beginning or end of a string. file handling File handling refers to the process of reading from and writing to files in a programming context. IT automation IT automation involves using technology to perform tasks with reduced human intervention, particularly in data exports/imports. conditional execution Conditional execution allows code to run based on whether a condition evaluates to true or false. off-by-one errors Off-by-one errors occur when a loop iterates one time too many or too few, often due to incorrect index handling. text file processing Text file processing involves reading and manipulating text data from files. programmatic resource management Programmatic resource management refers to the systematic handling of resources like files and network connections in code. range() Generates a sequence of numbers; for example, range(5) generates 0,1,2,3,4. range(start, stop, step) Specifies a start, stop, and step; for example, range(2, 10, 2) gives 2,4,6,8. for loop A loop that iterates over a sequence; for example, for i in range(3): will print 'Hello' three times. while loop A loop that repeatedly executes a block as long as a condition is True; useful when the number of iterations is not known in advance. Infinite loop Occurs when the loop's condition never becomes False; for example, forgetting to update the loop condition variable. Condition variable A variable that controls the execution of a loop; must be updated to avoid infinite loops. while True loop A loop that runs indefinitely until a break statement is encountered. break statement Immediately exits the nearest loop; use when a condition is met to stop the loop early. continue statement Skips the rest of the current loop iteration and jumps to the next iteration. () Returns an iterable of (key, value) pairs from a dictionary. Looping over a dictionary To access both keys and values, use the .items() method. Memory efficiency of range() In Python 3, range() produces a range object that generates numbers on the fly. Converting range to list You can convert a range object to a list with list(range(n)), but it's rarely necessary for iteration. Polling until something is true A scenario where a while loop is useful, such as waiting for a certain state. Updating router_id in a loop To avoid an infinite loop, modify router_id in the loop or change the condition. Printing count in a while loop A while loop can print count from 0 to 4 using count += 1. Loop condition Always ensure your loop condition will eventually become False to avoid infinite loops. Order of items in a dict In Python 3.7+, the order of items in a dictionary is preserved. Skipping items in a loop Use continue to skip certain items and move on to the next iteration. Example of continue In a loop, if num == 3, continue will skip printing 3. Logic error causing infinite loop Typically involves forgetting to update the loop condition variable. Interrupting a Python script You can interrupt a Python script using Ctrl+C in many environments. Using .keys() in a dictionary To get only keys from a dictionary, use for key in student: or .keys() explicitly. Using .values() in a dictionary To get only values from a dictionary, use .values(). enumerate() A function in Python that generates pairs of (index, value) for each element in a list. Looping with enumerate Using the enumerate function allows you to iterate over a list with both the index and value simultaneously. Example of enumerate For the list fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"], using enumerate gives: 0 : apple, 1 : banana, 2 : cherry. Starting index in enumerate You can give enumerate a start value to begin counting from a number other than 0, e.g., enumerate(fruits, start=1) gives indices 1, 2, 3. Python script for server status A script that checks a list of server statuses in a dictionary and prints which ones are down. Server status example Given servers = {"192.168.1.1": "up", "192.168.1.2": "down", "192.168.1.3": "down", "192.168.1.4": "up"}, the script prints messages for devices that are down. Socket module The socket module provides access to the BSD socket interface for creating network connections (both TCP and UDP). Creating a socket You can create a socket using import socket; s = t(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) for TCP connections. Connecting with socket ct(("", 80)) connects to on port 80. Script for find and replace To find and replace a substring in all files in a directory, you would import necessary modules, loop through files, read contents, search and replace, and write modified content back. File read and replace example Example snippet: text = ""; with open("", "r") as f: text = (); new_text = ce("OLD_STRING", "NEW_STRING"); with open("", "w") as f: (new_text). Importance of daily coding practice Daily practice is crucial for learning Python as it reinforces syntax, improves problem-solving skills, and makes debugging more comfortable. Benefits of frequent coding Frequent coding practice helps students become familiar with common pitfalls and improves reliability in automation roles. Automation task pattern A typical automation task pattern involves iterating through files and performing read/modify/write operations. IT automation example An example of IT automation is monitoring server statuses and printing alerts for devices that are down. Pythonic approach Using enumerate is considered more Pythonic and clearer than manually managing an index counter. Network communication The socket module is fundamental for low-level network communication, allowing for tasks like writing client or server programs. Directory traversal modules Modules like os, fnmatch, or glob are used for directory traversal when automating tasks. Looping through directories You can use ir or to loop through files in a target directory. File criteria for automation When automating file tasks, you may specify criteria such as only processing files that end with .txt. Debugging skills Regular coding practice enhances debugging skills, which are essential for ensuring scripts run reliably. Common patterns in coding Frequent practice helps reinforce common coding patterns, making it easier to write effective scripts. Real-world automation In real scenarios, automation scripts may involve obtaining statuses from network calls or pings. Exception A runtime error that occurs during program execution, which can be caught and handled. Syntax Error Detected by the parser before the program runs, indicating your code is not valid Python syntax. ZeroDivisionError An exception raised when attempting to divide by zero. KeyError An exception raised when trying to access a dictionary key that doesn't exist. ValueError An exception raised when an operation receives an argument of the right type but inappropriate value. try/except block A structure that lets you catch and handle exceptions to prevent a crash. else clause An optional clause in a try/except structure that runs if no exception was raised in the try block. finally clause A clause that runs no matter what, used for cleanup actions that must happen regardless of success or failure. (key, default) A method that returns a default value instead of raising an exception if the key is missing. in operator Used to check if a key exists in a dictionary before accessing it. Example of try/except try: num = int(input("Enter an integer: ")) result = 100 / num print("Result is", result) except ValueError: print("Please enter a valid integer.") except ZeroDivisionError: print("Cannot divide by zero!") Example of KeyError handling try: value = d["b"] except KeyError: value = None Example of TypeError 1 + "2" raises TypeError because Python cannot add an int and str. Anticipating exceptions The practice of preparing to handle exceptions while the program is running. Graceful message A user-friendly message displayed when an error occurs, instead of crashing the program. Cleanup actions Actions that must be performed regardless of whether an error occurred, such as closing files. Accessing a missing key Will raise a KeyError if you try to access a dictionary key that doesn't exist. Handling missing keys Can be done using the in operator, (), or try/except. Program execution The process of running a program where exceptions can occur. Logical steps Breaking tasks into smaller, manageable parts to translate into code. Consistent practice Repetitive engagement with coding tasks to solidify concepts and prepare for real-world applications. Automation tasks Tasks that can be performed automatically through programming. NameError Happens when you try to use a variable or name that hasn't been defined. SyntaxError Indicates a mistake in the Python code formatting or structure, preventing the interpreter from proceeding. help() function Provides documentation on modules, functions, classes, etc., useful for recalling usage of Python functions. linter A static code analysis tool that checks source code for potential errors, bugs, or style issues before execution. EOF (E