ANATOMY 251Final Exam review | Integumentary system (Best)

Final Exam review:  Integumentary system The different layers of the Integumentary system Epidermis (outermost layer) contains - Keratnocytes: tough fbrous protein that provides protecton; epidermal cell that produces Keratn - Melanocytes: mature melanin forming cell produces pigment; - Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells): specialize in antgen presentaton and belong to the skin immune system. Involved in the immune responses - Tactle epithelial cells (Merkel cells): essental for light touch sensaton and found in the skin of vertebrates Contains four layers of thin skin and fve layers of thick skin. From deep to superfcial they are: Britney Spears Glows Like Candy Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratus Granulosum Stratum Lucid Stratum Corneum Dermis (Inner layer) Composed of connectve tssue containing collagen and elastc fbers. Contains two regions: Papillary Region: below the epidermis Retcular region: consist of dense irregular connectve tssue Subcutaneous (hypodermis) – located underneath the dermis; fat layer that helps with insulaton - Ataches to the skin underlying tssues and organsDiagraph – structure of Dermis Sweat Glands: - Eccrine (Merocrine): Most numerous found all over the skin such as palm, sole, head - Release fluid through exocytosis Example: salivary glands - Apocrine: located in hairy skin like armpits, groin, nipples of breast, the secretons have odor. Lose small portons of their glandular cell bodies during secreton Example: mammary glands - Holocrine: Release entre cells that disintegrate to release cell secretons Example: sebaceous oil glands of the skinSebaceous Glands (know how to describe the drawing) Where would you locate Epithelial tssue besides the skin: Besides the skin, there are other covering tssues made of epithelium over other tssue layers. They are the tssues that cover the internal surfaces of hollow organs, such as the organs of the digestve tract, the airway, the renal tubules, the ureters, the bladder, the urethra and the blood vessels. Glands and serous membranes are also made of epithelial tssue.Know the 4 major different tssue types: Epithelial Tissue: Cover body surfaces and lines body cavites. Functons: secreton, fltraton, absorpton of molecules, protecton from pathogens, excreton. Types: Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Simple Columnar, Pseudostratfed Columnar, Stratfed Squamous, Transitonal Connectve Tissue: Found throughout the body; serves to connect different structures of the body. support, protecton, insulaton, transport substances through blood. Types: Bone, Hyaline/Elastc Cartlage, Areolar, Adipose, Blood, Retcular, Dense Fibrous Muscle Tissue: responding to stmulaton and contractng to provide movement and occurs as three major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle in the heart. The main functon of the muscular system is movement. Allows manipulaton of the environment, locomoton, and facial expression. Contractons in cell types. Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth Nervous Tissue: Allows manipulaton of the environment, locomoton, and facial expression. Contractons in cell types. Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth It allows us to receive stmuli and process the informaton. Nervous tssue makes up three major parts of our nervous system: nerves, the spinal cord and the brain. Our nervous system consists of two main parts: the peripheral and central nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves that extend to all reaches of the body- the periphery. The central nervous system is made up of the spinal cord and brain and is the central processing center for all stmuli.Chapter 7 Types of bones examples of each. What type of bone is it? -Know the difference between the true ribs and false ribs True Ribs: Artculate directly w/Sternum (5 true ribs) False Ribs: 6-10 – (5 False ribs) Floatng ribs 11-12 (2 floatng ribs) o Sutures are types of joints between cranial bones o The tbia is known the lower leg is a weight bearing bone-Difference between Scoliosis- Side curvature Kyphosis- is the extreme curvature of the upper back, also known as a hunchback. Lordosis- the anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumber and cervical spine. Basic structure of compact bone structure and spongy bone Difference between diaphysis and epiphysis: The Diaphysis is the middle secton of a bone. The Epiphysis refers to the ends of a bone. Parathyroid Hormone Regulates calcium levels by actng on bone cells, the small intestne, and the kidneys. Calcitonin: acts to decrease free calcium levels, the opposite acton of PTH/ responsible for releasing calcium into circulaton, which means it stmulates osteoclast actvity Functons of the skeletal system The skeletal system performs vital functions — support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation Periosteum – what it does and what it is - The Periosteum is the covering of a bone. It contains nerves and blood vessels. When you bring your thumb to the last fnger what is that called:  Oppositon where the thumb moves to touch the tp of the litle fnger. Difference between abducton and adducton Adduction is the movement of a body part toward the body's midline (If you move shoulder joint towards the midline)Abducton defined as motion that pulls a body part away from the midline of the body(If you move shoulder laterally) How many phalanges are in the foot and hand Hand- 14 Foot- 14 Difference between osteoclast, osteocytes and osteoblast: Osteoblast - Bone building Osteocyte - Bone maintenance Osteoclast - Bone destroying (Breakdown releases Calcium) Know the bones of Axial and appendicular skeleton and which one isn’t part of that skeletonAxial skeleton – 80 bones o Consists of the bones that lie around longitudinal axis o Skull bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum and bones of vertebral column Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones o Upper and lower limbs plus bones forming the girdles that connect limbs to the axial skeleton Study picture looking into the skull - Know structure in that view Know the lateral view of skull – in the fnal paper JOINTS- know Movement – functon and structure- and names you need to know Know different type of joints functonally I. Classifcaton of Joints  Structural classifcaton is based on material binding bones together and presence/absence of a cavity  Types of joints: Fibrous, Cartlaginous, Synovial.  Functonal classifcaton is based on extent of movement:  Synarthroses - immovable joints (e.g. sternocostal, tbiofbular)  Amphiarthroses - slightly movable (e.g. vertebral bodies, pubic bones)  Diarthroses - freely movable (most appendicular)II. Fibrous Joints (fbrous tssue, no cavity)  Few amphiarthrotc, mostly synarthrotc  Three types: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses  Sutures - e.g. skull, interdigitatng artculatng bone; sutures contain dense fbrous connectve tssue untl adulthood when they ossify (synostoses), becoming bony junctons.  Syndesmoses - bones connected by a flamentous sheet or cord (ligament or interosseous membrane); fbers are longer than in sutures but are only slightly more resilient, therefore stll synarthrotc (e.g. tbiofbular joint, distal ends).  Gomphoses - artculaton of tooth with bony alveolar socket (fbrous connecton = periodontal ligament). III. Cartlaginous Joints (artculatng bones united by cartlage)  Lack a joint cavity  Two types: synchondroses and symphyses  Synchondroses - hyaline cartlage unites bones at a synchondrosis which are usually temporary joints (sites of bone growth); cartlage is replaced by bone (become synostotc); e.g. synarthrotc epiphyseal plate and manubrium/frst rib & functonally amphiarthrotc ribs 2- 10.  Symphyses - artcular surfaces of bones covered by hyaline cartlage fused to an intervening pad or plate; compressible, resilient, and functonally amphiarthrotc; e.g. pubic symphysis (juncton of pubic bones) and intervertebral discs. IV. Synovial Joints (artcular bones separated by a fluid-flled joint cavity)  Joints of limbs, diarthrotc  Five distnct features: 1. Artcular cartlage (hyaline) 2. Joint cavity3. Artcular capsule, containing:  fbrous capsule (external)  synovial membrane (internal) 4. Synovial fluid 5. Reinforcing ligaments  intrinsic - parallel bundles of fbers within fbrous capsule  extracapsular - extend bone to bone outside capsule  intracapsular - located inside synovial cavity Name a certain joint and what type of joint it is 4 types of movable joints  Ball-and-socket joints. Ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip joints, allow backward, forward, sideways, and rotatng movements.  Hinge joints (door) Hinge joints, such as in the fngers, knees, elbows, and toes, allow only bending and straightening movements.  Pivot joints. Pivot joints, such as the neck joints, allow limited rotatng movements.  Ellipsoidal joints. Ellipsoidal joints, such as the wrist joint, allow all types of movement except pivotal movements  Gliding (condyloid) joints move against each other on a single plane. Major gliding joints include the intervertebral joints and the bones of the wrists and ankles. Type of movement related to the type of functon  Increase movement in what type of movement is it? -Extension Whether you increase or decrease- Flexion Gliding nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glide over each other Flexion decrease angle of a joint Extension increase angle of joint Hyperextension excessive extension movement beyond normal anatomical position Abduction move appendage away from midline Adduction move appendage toward midline Circumduction move distal part of appendage in a circular motion Rotation turn on a pivot with circular motion Elevation upward movement raising body part vertically Depression downward movement lowering body part vertically Protraction move body part forward on horizontal plane Retraction move body backward/posterior Supination turn palm of hand to face forward Pronation turns palm of hand to face backward Inversion turns sole of foot inward Eversion turns sole of foot outward Dorsiflexion stand on heels, toes up Plantar flexion raise heel, toes down So which type of movement is it? Is the bone flexing? Is it extending? (Increasing the angle) Synovial joints: Artcular cartlage: cover the ends of bones: It allows the bones to glide over each other with very little friction Fibrous Artcular Capsule- Synovial membrane lining Joint cavity- Lubricatng synovial fluid what kind of tssue is it? Dense? Connectve tssue? What are the different types of joints related to that tssue? What types of joints come synarthrotc that have cavites? A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint that is not seen at fibrous or cartilaginous joints is the presence of a joint cavity. What type of cartlaginous joint is it or what type of synovial joint is it?Characteristcs of fbrous joints, synovial, which one isn’t a characteristc synovial -We know it’s a cavity, freely movement, has synovial fluid Types of fibrous joints are (1) sutures, (2) syndesmoses and (3) gomphoses. The basis of classification for all synovial joints includes the presence of five distinguishing features: (1) articular cartilage, (2) joint cavity, (3) articular (fibrous) capsule, (4) synovial membrane and (5) synovial fluid. What type of joint is non-moveable? Synarthrosis Slightly? Amphiarthrosis, Moveable? Diarthrosis What type surrounds the joint? – Artcular cartlage Ligaments of the knee: what they do and what they prevent, so your knee doesn’t hype extend, what you stand up - know the jobs of the ligaments Ligaments and tendons hold muscles and bones together -- appropriately labeled as connective tissues. Ligaments attach bones to one another, while tendons attach muscles to bone Posterior cruciate The PCL similar to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) connects the thigh bone (femur) to your shin bone (tibia) Anterior cruciate The cruciate ligaments control the back and forth motion of your knee. The anterior cruciate ligament runs diagonally in the middle of the knee. It prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur, as well as provides rotational stability to the knee. Know the joint between the ribs, manubrium and sternum? What type of joint is the rib cage? Costochondral joint. The costochondral joints are the joints between the ribs and costal cartilage in the front of the rib cage. What is the joint between the first rib and sternum?A synchondrosis joint is the first sternocostal joint (where the first rib meets the sternum). In this example, the rib articulates with the sternum via the costal cartilage. The rest of the sternocostal joints are synovial plane joints Know the functons of synovial fluid The functions of the synovial fluid include: reduction of friction — synovial fluid lubricates the articulating joints. Know all the bones of the pelvis and spell them correct where the arrows go in a picture - ilium, ischium and pubis Picture and what type of joint is it What type of movement for that joint 2 essay questons on skin and skeletal system Be able to write of cells of the skeletal system – structure and functon Functon of Skeletal system The skeletal system supports and protects the body while giving it shape and form. This system is composed of connective tissues including bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The skeletal system stores minerals, fats, and produces blood cells. Thecells of the skeletal system are Osteoblast secretes matrix for bone formation, osteocytes which are considered mature bone cell, and Osteoclast absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.