NURS 205 ONCOLOGY EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉Carcinogenesis. Answer: - When a normal cell turns into an
abnormal cell
- The creation of cancer cells
- *everyone has cancer cells in their body, the immune system is just
really good at fighting them off*
- *covid, illness, immunosuppressant drugs, etc can all lead to
increased risk for cancer because the immune system is not fighting
off those cancer cells*
◉Initiation of cancer. Answer: Irreversible alteration of genetic cell
structure
- D/t chemicals, physical or biological agents/carcinogens
,◉Cancer Initiators: chemical. Answer: Cig smoking, asbestos,
arsenic, nitrates, gases, metals, DES, hormones, drugs to treat
cancers as well.
- *quitting cigs is always beneficial, no matter how old you are*
Hormones: *estrogen or testosterone, they are linked to their own
respective cancers (such as breast or prostate cancer)*
- people who have a high risk of breast cancer or ovarian cancer
shouldn't take estrogen therapy
DES: *medication given to women to stop preterm labor* found out
that this med causes the children to have female related cancers, this
med has since been removed from the market
Chemo drugs can increase risk of cancer as well so after treatment,
the patient will have to follow up to ensure no other cancers have
been created
anything w/ preservatives can increase the risk of cancer, i.e.
processed meat
◉Cancer initiators: physical. Answer: - *Ionizing radiation, UV (skin
cancer), the sun, foreign bodies like asbestos fibers*
,- BRCA 1 gene can predict chances of breast cancer
- Lung cancer is such a difficult cancer to screen for because it
requires a radioactive x-ray in order to test. this can cause more
harm than good if used too much
◉Cancer initiators: others. Answer: viral: EBV = lymphomas, Hep B
= liver cancer
genetics
immune system failure
chronic irritation: skin cancer
◉Smoking. Answer: a co-carcinogen in > 50% of cancers
4000 compounds
250 toxic chemicals
60 chemicals that cause cancer
, Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in males and females
smoking can also cause bladder cancer
-for smokers, also assess for urinary problems
◉Cancer promotion. Answer: carcinogens introduced into cells =
reversible or irreversible change (mutation)/conversion
reversible promoters:
-diet, obesity, smoking, alcohol intake
latent period of 1-40 yrs
-1 cm size = palpable = 1 billion cells
alcohol creates ulcers in the stomach which causes irregular tissue
to heal and grow over the ulcers, these tissues are at higher risk for
producing cancer cells
many cancers take 40+ years to grow, healthy immune system is key
for preventing cancer
GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉Carcinogenesis. Answer: - When a normal cell turns into an
abnormal cell
- The creation of cancer cells
- *everyone has cancer cells in their body, the immune system is just
really good at fighting them off*
- *covid, illness, immunosuppressant drugs, etc can all lead to
increased risk for cancer because the immune system is not fighting
off those cancer cells*
◉Initiation of cancer. Answer: Irreversible alteration of genetic cell
structure
- D/t chemicals, physical or biological agents/carcinogens
,◉Cancer Initiators: chemical. Answer: Cig smoking, asbestos,
arsenic, nitrates, gases, metals, DES, hormones, drugs to treat
cancers as well.
- *quitting cigs is always beneficial, no matter how old you are*
Hormones: *estrogen or testosterone, they are linked to their own
respective cancers (such as breast or prostate cancer)*
- people who have a high risk of breast cancer or ovarian cancer
shouldn't take estrogen therapy
DES: *medication given to women to stop preterm labor* found out
that this med causes the children to have female related cancers, this
med has since been removed from the market
Chemo drugs can increase risk of cancer as well so after treatment,
the patient will have to follow up to ensure no other cancers have
been created
anything w/ preservatives can increase the risk of cancer, i.e.
processed meat
◉Cancer initiators: physical. Answer: - *Ionizing radiation, UV (skin
cancer), the sun, foreign bodies like asbestos fibers*
,- BRCA 1 gene can predict chances of breast cancer
- Lung cancer is such a difficult cancer to screen for because it
requires a radioactive x-ray in order to test. this can cause more
harm than good if used too much
◉Cancer initiators: others. Answer: viral: EBV = lymphomas, Hep B
= liver cancer
genetics
immune system failure
chronic irritation: skin cancer
◉Smoking. Answer: a co-carcinogen in > 50% of cancers
4000 compounds
250 toxic chemicals
60 chemicals that cause cancer
, Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in males and females
smoking can also cause bladder cancer
-for smokers, also assess for urinary problems
◉Cancer promotion. Answer: carcinogens introduced into cells =
reversible or irreversible change (mutation)/conversion
reversible promoters:
-diet, obesity, smoking, alcohol intake
latent period of 1-40 yrs
-1 cm size = palpable = 1 billion cells
alcohol creates ulcers in the stomach which causes irregular tissue
to heal and grow over the ulcers, these tissues are at higher risk for
producing cancer cells
many cancers take 40+ years to grow, healthy immune system is key
for preventing cancer
