BPK 105 MODULE 5 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

BPK 105 MODULE 5 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 endocrine glands - Answers Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream hormones circulate through the bloodstream to specific sites called - Answers target tissues/ effectors exocrine glands - Answers secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body chemical messengers - Answers allow cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities Autocrine chemical messengers - Answers released by cells and have a local effect on same cell type from which chemical signals released; e.g., prostaglandin paracrine chemical messengers - Answers released by cells and affect other cell types locally without being transported in blood somatostatin neutrotransmitters - Answers a chemical messenger that carries impulses across the synaptic gaps between neurons ach NE Endocrine chemical messengers - Answers Secreted into the blood by specialized cells; travels some distance to target tissues; results in coordinated regulation of cell function insulin, thyroid hormone, growth hormone hormones of the endocrine system are secreted in response to - Answers humoral neural or hormonal stimulus main regulatory functions of the endocrine system 10 - Answers regulation of metabolism control of food intake and idegestion modulation of tissue development reguation of ion levels control of water balance regulation of CV functions control of blood glucose and other nturients control of reproductive functions stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release modulation of immune system function there are two types of chemical categories of hormones - Answers lipid soulble and water soluble steroid hormones - Answers Derived from cholesterol, lipid-soluble. lipid soluble hormones - Answers non polar and include steroid thyroid and fatty acid dereivitive hormones how do lipid soluble hormones get transported - Answers they bind to binding proteins and travel in the bloodstream water soluble hormones - Answers polar molecules that include protein hormones peptide hormones water soluble hormones can/cnat dissolve in the blood - Answers can therefor theycan deliver to target tissues without attaching to a binding protein short lifespan compared to lipid soluble hormones there are some water soluble hormones that have modifications to them these modifications are: - Answers having a carbohydrate attached to them terminal end protected by protesase activity having binding proteins bound hormones circulate in tteh plasma longer than free water soluble hormones do humoral stimuli - Answers secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients ex: low calcium stimulates PTH, blood suar inc=insulin secretion neural stimuli - Answers Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release Sympathetic nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines (e and NE) hormonal stimuli - Answers release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs ex:trophic hormones 1️⃣ The Hypothalamus releases TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone). 2️⃣ TRH stimulates the Anterior pituitary to release TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). 3️⃣ TSH stimulates the Thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). or The Hypothalamus releases CRH → stimulates the Anterior pituitary → releases ACTH → stimulates adrenal cortex → releases cortisol. inhibition of hormone release by neural stimuli - Answers Neurons inhibit targets just as often as they stimulate targets. If the neurotransmitter is inhibitory, the target endocrine gland does not secrete its hormone. Inhibition of Hormone Release by Hormonal Stimuli - Answers Some hormones prevent the secretion of other hormones, which is a common mode of hormone regulation. Inhibition of Hormone Release by Humoral Stimuli - Answers Often when a hormone's release is sensitive to the presence of a humoral stimulus, there exists a companion hormone whose release is inhibited by the same humoral stimulus. Usually, the companion hormone's effects oppose those of the secreted hormone & counteract the secreted hormone's action. ex: ANP and aldosterone balance the blood pressure most hormones are regulated by what mechanim - Answers negative feedback hormones exert their actions by binding to target cell proteins called - Answers receptors receptor specificity - Answers each receptor has a characteristic sensitivity water soluble hormones require what - Answers membrane bound receptor once lipid soluble hormones enter their target cell, they bind to - Answers nucelar receptors found in the cytoplasm do lipid soluble hormones act slowly or rapidly - Answers rapidly are membrane bound receptors on the inside out outside of the cell - Answers outside on the membrane the combination of the hormone and its receptor form a - Answers transcription factor what are the two types of receptor classes - Answers nuclear receptors membrane bound receptors what is the process of a membrane bound receptor - Answers a harmone binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell receptor changes shape bind g protien bind toalpha subunit which activates adenylyl cyclase cAMp can either stimulate or inhibit activity amplification - Answers The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction. one hormone can activate many second messengers which each activate enzymes and cause a cascade effect which leads to the amplification pituitary gland - Answers endocrine gland at the base of the brain hypothalamus - Answers brain region controlling the pituitary gland what hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete - Answers antidiuretic hormone oxytocin what hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete - Answers growth hormone ACTH TSH FSH LH prolactin