Question 1
1.1 Monophyletic A group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A
monophyletic is equivalent to clade.
Polyphyletic A group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their
most recent common ancestor.
Paraphyletic A group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all of its
descendants.
1.2
Chitin Peptidoglycan
Function Is a structural organic polymer made Is a polymer consisting of
from glucose monomers. sugars and amino acids.
Amyl Group Has an amyl group as a substitution in Has a five amino acid
the glucose molecule. attached to the N-
acetylmuramic acid.
Hardness and Stability Is hard and stable than Peptidoglycan. Is less hard and stable than
Chitin.
, 1.3
Nutritional type Energy Source Carbon Source Examples
Photoautotrophy Sunlight Fix CO2 Photosynthetic prokaryotes
such as Cyanobacteria,
plants, certain protists like
algae.
Photoheterotrophy Sunlight Organic Compound Unique to certain aquatic
and salt-loving prokaryotes
such as Rhodobacter,
Chloroflexus.
1.4 Gram-positive bacteria The group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less
complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. They are less
toxic than the gram-negative bacteria.
Gram-negative bacteria The group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more
complex and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. They are often
more toxic than the gram-positive bacteria.
1.5
Advantages of algae:
Provide shade to the aquatic animals living in ponds and also enriches water with 0 2
Rich in minerals and nutrients that can be used as fertilizers for better crops
Provides food for aquatic animals(micro-organisms which fishes can feed on)
Different kinds are used in medication and cosmetics
1.1 Monophyletic A group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A
monophyletic is equivalent to clade.
Polyphyletic A group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their
most recent common ancestor.
Paraphyletic A group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all of its
descendants.
1.2
Chitin Peptidoglycan
Function Is a structural organic polymer made Is a polymer consisting of
from glucose monomers. sugars and amino acids.
Amyl Group Has an amyl group as a substitution in Has a five amino acid
the glucose molecule. attached to the N-
acetylmuramic acid.
Hardness and Stability Is hard and stable than Peptidoglycan. Is less hard and stable than
Chitin.
, 1.3
Nutritional type Energy Source Carbon Source Examples
Photoautotrophy Sunlight Fix CO2 Photosynthetic prokaryotes
such as Cyanobacteria,
plants, certain protists like
algae.
Photoheterotrophy Sunlight Organic Compound Unique to certain aquatic
and salt-loving prokaryotes
such as Rhodobacter,
Chloroflexus.
1.4 Gram-positive bacteria The group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less
complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. They are less
toxic than the gram-negative bacteria.
Gram-negative bacteria The group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more
complex and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. They are often
more toxic than the gram-positive bacteria.
1.5
Advantages of algae:
Provide shade to the aquatic animals living in ponds and also enriches water with 0 2
Rich in minerals and nutrients that can be used as fertilizers for better crops
Provides food for aquatic animals(micro-organisms which fishes can feed on)
Different kinds are used in medication and cosmetics
