NR507 Final Exam Study Guide | Complete Actual verified
study complete solutions | A+ Graded | 2026 Updated |
100% correct
NR-507 Study Guide
Chapters 1-5, 11-14, 16-20, 21-25, 27-3-33, 34-39, 40-47 1. includes
two Types of immunity-e.g. innate, active, etc (ch 7 ,191) lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation
Innate immunity Natural barriers are
physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body’s
surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the environment and thwart infection
by pathogenic microorganisms.
the natural epithelial barrier and inflammation confer innate resistance and protection, commonly referred to as
innate, native, or natural immunity. Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates an adaptive process that
results in a long-term and very effective immunity to the infecting microorganism, referred to as adaptive, acquired,
or specific immunity.
Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly targets and eradicates a second
infection with a particular disease-causing microorganism.
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation. Natural barriers are physical,
mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body’s surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances
in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms
1
, INNATE
Level Second line Third line defense; initiated when
tissue injury or infection innate immune system signals the
cells adaptive
Timing Immediate response Delay between primary exposure to
antigen and maximum response;
immediate against secondary exposure
to antigen
Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific Response is very specific toward
Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
eosinophils, basophils), macrophages, dendritic cells
monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK)
cells, platelets, endothelial cells
Memory No memory involved No memory involved Specific immunologic memory by T and
B lymphocytes
Defensins, cathelicidins, collectins, Complement, clotting factors, kinins Antibodies, complement
lactoferrin, bacterial toxins
Protection Protection includes anatomic barriers Protection includes vascular responses, cellular Protection includes activated T and B
i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, cytokines, and antibodies
and secretory molecules or cytokines macrophages), secretory molecules or cytokines,
e.g., lysozymes, low pH stomach and and activation plasma protein systems
2. Alveolar ventilation/perfusion
The relationship between arterial perfusion and alveolar gas pressure at the base of the lungs is best described as:
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
First line of defense against infection and
arterial perfusion pressure exceeds alveolar gas pressure.
Effective gas exchange depends on an approximately even distribution of gas (ventilation) and blood (perfusion) in all
portions of the lungs. The lungs are suspended from the hila in the thoracic cavity. When the individual is in an
2
, upright position (sitting or standing), gravity pulls the lungs down toward the diaphragm and compresses their lower
portions or bases.
3. Dermatologic conditions e.g. pityriasis rosea (ch46, pg 1630/1631)
Psoriasis, pityriasis rosea , and lichen planus are inflammatory disorders
characterized by papules, scales, plaques, and
erythema
Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, proliferative, inflammatory disorder that involves the skin, scalp, and nails and can
occur at any age.
Pityriasis rosea is a benign self-limiting inflammatory disorder that occurs more often in young adults, with seasonal
peaks in the spring and fall. The cause is unknown but
thought to be associated with a virus (e.g., human herpesvirus 6 [HHV-6] and HHV-7) because of the timing and
clustering of the outbreaks
Pityriasis rosea begins as a single lesion known as a herald patch that is circular, demarcated, and salmon-pink; is
approximately 3 to 4 cm in diameter; and is usually located on the trunk
Lichen planus (LP) is a benign, autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membranes with multiple
clinical variations. The cause is unknown, but T cells, adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, perforin, and
antigen-presenting cells are involved.The infiltrate of T cells mediates immunoreactivity against basal layer
keratinocytes, which have altered surface antigens and adhesion molecules
LP is also linked to hepatitis C virus. Some individuals develop lichenoid lesions after exposure to drugs or
filmprocessing chemicals. The age of onset is usually between 30 and 70 years. The disorder begins with flat purple,
polygonal, pruritic, nonscaling papules 2 to 4 mm in size, usually located on the wrists, ankles, lower legs, and
genitalia
New lesions are pale pink and evolve into a dark violet. Persistent lesions may be thickened and red, forming
hypertrophic LP. Oral lesions (oral lichen planus) appear as lacy white rings that must be differentiated from
leukoplakia or oral candidiasis and they may be precancerous lesions
4. Croup (C 36,pg 1294)-
Croup illnesses can be divided into two categories: (1) acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) and (2) spasmodic
croup. Diphtheria can be considered a croup illness but is now rare because of vaccinations. Croup illnesses are
all characterized by infection and obstruction of the upper airways.
Croup is an acute laryngotracheobronchitis and most commonly occurs in children from 6 months to 3 years of
age, with peak incidence at 2 years of age
The incidence of croup is highest in late autumn and winter, corresponding to the parainfluenza and RSV seasons,
respectively. Croup is more common in boys than girls. In a significant portion of affected children, croup is a
recurrent problem during childhood, and there is a family history of croup in about 15% of cases
Chickenpox (varicella) and herpes zoster (shingles) are produced by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV is a
complex herpes group deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus. The incubation period is 10 to 27 days, averaging 14
days. Productive infection occurs within keratinocytes such that the vesicular lesions occur in the epidermis, and
an inflammatory infiltrate is often present
5.ch Types of anemia ( 28,pg 987-1002)
is a anemia reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or a decrease in the quality
or
quantity of hemoglobin. Anemias commonly result from (1) impaired erythrocyte production, (2) blood loss
(acute or chronic), (3) increased erythrocyte destruction, or (4) a combination of these three factors.
Pernicious anemia (PA), the most common type of megaloblastic anemia, is caused by vitamin B12deficiency,
which is often associated with the end stage of type
PA A chronic atrophic (congenital or autoimmune)
gastritis.
results from inadequate vitamin B12 absorption because of autoantibodies against the B12transporter
IF
Folate (folic acid) is an essential vitamin for RNA and DNA synthesis within the maturing erythrocyte. Folates are
coenzymes required for the synthesis of thymine and purines (adenine and guanine) and the conversion of
homocysteine to methionine. Deficient production of thymine, in particular, affects cells undergoing rapid
division (e.g., bone marrow cells undergoing erythropoiesis). Humans are totally dependent on dietary intake to
3
study complete solutions | A+ Graded | 2026 Updated |
100% correct
NR-507 Study Guide
Chapters 1-5, 11-14, 16-20, 21-25, 27-3-33, 34-39, 40-47 1. includes
two Types of immunity-e.g. innate, active, etc (ch 7 ,191) lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation
Innate immunity Natural barriers are
physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body’s
surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the environment and thwart infection
by pathogenic microorganisms.
the natural epithelial barrier and inflammation confer innate resistance and protection, commonly referred to as
innate, native, or natural immunity. Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates an adaptive process that
results in a long-term and very effective immunity to the infecting microorganism, referred to as adaptive, acquired,
or specific immunity.
Adaptive immunity is relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly targets and eradicates a second
infection with a particular disease-causing microorganism.
Innate immunity includes two lines of defense: natural barriers and inflammation. Natural barriers are physical,
mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body’s surfaces and are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances
in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms
1
, INNATE
Level Second line Third line defense; initiated when
tissue injury or infection innate immune system signals the
cells adaptive
Timing Immediate response Delay between primary exposure to
antigen and maximum response;
immediate against secondary exposure
to antigen
Specificity Broadly specific Broadly specific Response is very specific toward
Cells Epithelial cells Mast cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes,
eosinophils, basophils), macrophages, dendritic cells
monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK)
cells, platelets, endothelial cells
Memory No memory involved No memory involved Specific immunologic memory by T and
B lymphocytes
Defensins, cathelicidins, collectins, Complement, clotting factors, kinins Antibodies, complement
lactoferrin, bacterial toxins
Protection Protection includes anatomic barriers Protection includes vascular responses, cellular Protection includes activated T and B
i.e., skin and mucous membranes), cells components (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, cytokines, and antibodies
and secretory molecules or cytokines macrophages), secretory molecules or cytokines,
e.g., lysozymes, low pH stomach and and activation plasma protein systems
2. Alveolar ventilation/perfusion
The relationship between arterial perfusion and alveolar gas pressure at the base of the lungs is best described as:
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
First line of defense against infection and
arterial perfusion pressure exceeds alveolar gas pressure.
Effective gas exchange depends on an approximately even distribution of gas (ventilation) and blood (perfusion) in all
portions of the lungs. The lungs are suspended from the hila in the thoracic cavity. When the individual is in an
2
, upright position (sitting or standing), gravity pulls the lungs down toward the diaphragm and compresses their lower
portions or bases.
3. Dermatologic conditions e.g. pityriasis rosea (ch46, pg 1630/1631)
Psoriasis, pityriasis rosea , and lichen planus are inflammatory disorders
characterized by papules, scales, plaques, and
erythema
Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, proliferative, inflammatory disorder that involves the skin, scalp, and nails and can
occur at any age.
Pityriasis rosea is a benign self-limiting inflammatory disorder that occurs more often in young adults, with seasonal
peaks in the spring and fall. The cause is unknown but
thought to be associated with a virus (e.g., human herpesvirus 6 [HHV-6] and HHV-7) because of the timing and
clustering of the outbreaks
Pityriasis rosea begins as a single lesion known as a herald patch that is circular, demarcated, and salmon-pink; is
approximately 3 to 4 cm in diameter; and is usually located on the trunk
Lichen planus (LP) is a benign, autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the skin and mucous membranes with multiple
clinical variations. The cause is unknown, but T cells, adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines, perforin, and
antigen-presenting cells are involved.The infiltrate of T cells mediates immunoreactivity against basal layer
keratinocytes, which have altered surface antigens and adhesion molecules
LP is also linked to hepatitis C virus. Some individuals develop lichenoid lesions after exposure to drugs or
filmprocessing chemicals. The age of onset is usually between 30 and 70 years. The disorder begins with flat purple,
polygonal, pruritic, nonscaling papules 2 to 4 mm in size, usually located on the wrists, ankles, lower legs, and
genitalia
New lesions are pale pink and evolve into a dark violet. Persistent lesions may be thickened and red, forming
hypertrophic LP. Oral lesions (oral lichen planus) appear as lacy white rings that must be differentiated from
leukoplakia or oral candidiasis and they may be precancerous lesions
4. Croup (C 36,pg 1294)-
Croup illnesses can be divided into two categories: (1) acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) and (2) spasmodic
croup. Diphtheria can be considered a croup illness but is now rare because of vaccinations. Croup illnesses are
all characterized by infection and obstruction of the upper airways.
Croup is an acute laryngotracheobronchitis and most commonly occurs in children from 6 months to 3 years of
age, with peak incidence at 2 years of age
The incidence of croup is highest in late autumn and winter, corresponding to the parainfluenza and RSV seasons,
respectively. Croup is more common in boys than girls. In a significant portion of affected children, croup is a
recurrent problem during childhood, and there is a family history of croup in about 15% of cases
Chickenpox (varicella) and herpes zoster (shingles) are produced by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV is a
complex herpes group deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus. The incubation period is 10 to 27 days, averaging 14
days. Productive infection occurs within keratinocytes such that the vesicular lesions occur in the epidermis, and
an inflammatory infiltrate is often present
5.ch Types of anemia ( 28,pg 987-1002)
is a anemia reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or a decrease in the quality
or
quantity of hemoglobin. Anemias commonly result from (1) impaired erythrocyte production, (2) blood loss
(acute or chronic), (3) increased erythrocyte destruction, or (4) a combination of these three factors.
Pernicious anemia (PA), the most common type of megaloblastic anemia, is caused by vitamin B12deficiency,
which is often associated with the end stage of type
PA A chronic atrophic (congenital or autoimmune)
gastritis.
results from inadequate vitamin B12 absorption because of autoantibodies against the B12transporter
IF
Folate (folic acid) is an essential vitamin for RNA and DNA synthesis within the maturing erythrocyte. Folates are
coenzymes required for the synthesis of thymine and purines (adenine and guanine) and the conversion of
homocysteine to methionine. Deficient production of thymine, in particular, affects cells undergoing rapid
division (e.g., bone marrow cells undergoing erythropoiesis). Humans are totally dependent on dietary intake to
3
