NRS 433V WEEK 6 2026 PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED
PASS
◉ What is cardiac output? Answer: volume of blood ejected by the
heart in one minute
◉ What is the normal volume ejected with each heart beat? Answer:
4-8 Liters
◉ What device helps us measure cardiac output? Answer:
pulmonary artery catheter
◉ What else helps us determine if the heart is functioning properly
(aka: ejecting enough blood throughout the body)? Answer: ejection
fraction
◉ What test shows the fraction of blood ejected with each
heartbeat? Answer: Echocardiogram
◉ What is a normal ejection fraction rate? Answer: 55-70 %
,◉ What is preload? Answer: blood volume that is brought BACK
from the body to the RIGHT side of the heart (diastole - filling/rest)
◉ __ preload = __ cardiac output Answer: decreased preload =
decreased cardiac output
◉ What is afterloaf? Answer: How hard the heart has to pump blood
out of it from the LV to the body. (systole - contracted)
◉ increased afterload = what? Answer: harder for blood to be
pumped out of the LV to the rest of the body
◉ overtime increased afterload can cause __, which can then lead to
__ Answer: hypertrophy
HF
◉ What diagnoses can cause an increase in afterload? Answer:
hypertension, atherosclerosis
◉ What are non-invasive ways to measure cardiac function (monitor
cardiac assessment) Answer: Measuring JVD and JVP
BP
Lactic Acid
,◉ You don't want the lactic Acid to be __ (high or low)
WHY? --> it is correlated with __ Answer: HIGH
correlated with hypoxia, pulmonary embolism, sepsis, shock, HF
◉ What are invasive ways to monitor cardiac function? Answer:
Arterial Line (Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring)
Central Venous Pressure Monitoring
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure Monitoring
◉ The main purpose for an arterial line is for what? Answer:
continuous BLOOD PRESSURE monitoring
◉ Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring is used usually on patients
that are ___ unstable and are usually on __ medications. Answer:
hemodynamically
vasopressor
◉ Vasopressors are used to do what to blood pressure? Answer:
iNCREASE
, ◉ When monitoring arterial blood pressure, it is most important to
avoid what? Answer: thrombus, embolism, hemorrhage
◉ For arterial blood pressure monitoring, the catheter is placed
within the __ Answer: ARTERY
◉ What needs to be applied when the A-line is being removed?
Answer: PRESSURE
◉ With arterial lines, what assessment needs to be performed?
Answer: CMS (COLOR, MOVEMENT, SENSATION)
◉ Central Venous Pressure Monitoring is used to measure pressure
where?
It is used to assess the __ of the __ side of the heart. Answer: RIGHT
ATRIUM
Preload
RIGHT
◉ Pulmonary Arterial Monitoring is used for what kind of patients?
Answer: critically ill and fresh out of open-heart surgery
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED
PASS
◉ What is cardiac output? Answer: volume of blood ejected by the
heart in one minute
◉ What is the normal volume ejected with each heart beat? Answer:
4-8 Liters
◉ What device helps us measure cardiac output? Answer:
pulmonary artery catheter
◉ What else helps us determine if the heart is functioning properly
(aka: ejecting enough blood throughout the body)? Answer: ejection
fraction
◉ What test shows the fraction of blood ejected with each
heartbeat? Answer: Echocardiogram
◉ What is a normal ejection fraction rate? Answer: 55-70 %
,◉ What is preload? Answer: blood volume that is brought BACK
from the body to the RIGHT side of the heart (diastole - filling/rest)
◉ __ preload = __ cardiac output Answer: decreased preload =
decreased cardiac output
◉ What is afterloaf? Answer: How hard the heart has to pump blood
out of it from the LV to the body. (systole - contracted)
◉ increased afterload = what? Answer: harder for blood to be
pumped out of the LV to the rest of the body
◉ overtime increased afterload can cause __, which can then lead to
__ Answer: hypertrophy
HF
◉ What diagnoses can cause an increase in afterload? Answer:
hypertension, atherosclerosis
◉ What are non-invasive ways to measure cardiac function (monitor
cardiac assessment) Answer: Measuring JVD and JVP
BP
Lactic Acid
,◉ You don't want the lactic Acid to be __ (high or low)
WHY? --> it is correlated with __ Answer: HIGH
correlated with hypoxia, pulmonary embolism, sepsis, shock, HF
◉ What are invasive ways to monitor cardiac function? Answer:
Arterial Line (Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring)
Central Venous Pressure Monitoring
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure Monitoring
◉ The main purpose for an arterial line is for what? Answer:
continuous BLOOD PRESSURE monitoring
◉ Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring is used usually on patients
that are ___ unstable and are usually on __ medications. Answer:
hemodynamically
vasopressor
◉ Vasopressors are used to do what to blood pressure? Answer:
iNCREASE
, ◉ When monitoring arterial blood pressure, it is most important to
avoid what? Answer: thrombus, embolism, hemorrhage
◉ For arterial blood pressure monitoring, the catheter is placed
within the __ Answer: ARTERY
◉ What needs to be applied when the A-line is being removed?
Answer: PRESSURE
◉ With arterial lines, what assessment needs to be performed?
Answer: CMS (COLOR, MOVEMENT, SENSATION)
◉ Central Venous Pressure Monitoring is used to measure pressure
where?
It is used to assess the __ of the __ side of the heart. Answer: RIGHT
ATRIUM
Preload
RIGHT
◉ Pulmonary Arterial Monitoring is used for what kind of patients?
Answer: critically ill and fresh out of open-heart surgery
