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Maternal Mortality and Morbidity - ANSWERS--Maternal mortality rates have DOUBLED
in the past 20 years
-US has highest maternal mortality rate compared to other developed countries
-Infant mortality rate DECREASING but infant morbidity rate INCREASING
Embryonic Development - ANSWERS--Lasts from day 15 until approximately 8 weeks
after conception
-Measures approximately 3 cm from crown to rump
-Period of organogenesis, and the most critical time in the development of the organ
systems
-Most vulnerable to malformations of the fetus - rapid cell division and teratogens can
lead to malformations
-By week 8 all organ systems and external structures are present
Fetal Development - ANSWERS--Two membranes begin to develop from the time of
embryonic development
-CHORION: develops from the trophoblast and contains the chorionic villi on its surface.
The villi burrow into the decidua Vasilis and increase in size and complexity as the
vascular process develops into the placenta
, -AMNION: inner membrane that developed from the interior cells of the blastocyst, and
eventually forms the amniotic sac- also develops into the outer covering of the umbilical
cord
Amniotic Fluid - ANSWERS-First trimester: derives fluid by diffusion from maternal
blood
Second trimester: regulated by a balance between fetal fluid production (lung liquid and
urine) and fluid resorption through fetal swallowing and flow across chorionic and
amniotic membranes to the maternal uterus and fetus
-Week 8, >10ml
-Week 16 almost 250 ml
-Week 32 up 800 ml
Functions: help maintain constant fetal body temp, source of oral fluid, and repository
waste, and assisting in maintenance and fluid + electrolyte homeostasis
Placental Function - ANSWERS-Early Function: acts as an endocrine gland that
produces four main hormones necessary to maintain the pregnancy and support the
embryo and fetus
-Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - basis of pregnancy tests
-Human placental lactogen (hPL) - aka chorionic somatotropin which is similar to growth
hormones that stimulate the maternal metabolism to supply nutrients to the fetus
-Progesterone - maintains the endometrium, decreases the contractility of the uterus,
and stimulates maternal metabolism and development of breast alveoli
-Estradiol - stimulates uterine growth and uteroplacental blood flow. Causes the
proliferation of the breast glandular tissues and stimulates myometrial contractility.
Increases towards end of pregnancy
BY WEEK 7 the placenta is making most of the maternal estrogens