ADDED SUGAR, FRUCTOSE METABOLISM, AND ARTIFICIAL
SWEETENERS IN CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH
|COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH 100% ACCURATE
QUESTIONS &ANSWERS. EXCELLENCE GUARANTEED.
What health issues are strongly linked to the consumption of added sugar, particularly
fructose? Answer: Liver disease, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperuricemia,
cardiovascular disease (CVD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
What is the direct pathway through which added sugars contribute to non-
communicable diseases? Answer: Added sugars contribute directly to these diseases
independent of body weight.
What are the main monosaccharides that make up added sugars? Answer: Glucose,
fructose, and galactose.
What is sucrose composed of? Answer: Sucrose is composed of 1:1 glucose and
fructose.
What is high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and how is it produced? Answer: HFCS is
produced from cornstarch, digested to glucose, and treated with isomerase enzymes to
convert some glucose to fructose.
What are the common types of high-fructose corn syrup? Answer: HFCS-42 (42%
fructose) and HFCS-55 (55% fructose).
What are some benefits of using high-fructose corn syrup in food production? Answer:
Increases shelf stability, helps retain moisture, and prevents granulation.
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, How does the sweetness of fructose compare to sucrose? Answer: Fructose is
significantly sweeter than sucrose, with a sweetness value of 1.2 to 1.8.
What was the unadjusted relative risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with sugar-
sweetened beverages (SSBs) according to a meta-analysis? Answer: 1.18, indicating
an 18% increased risk.
What happens to liver triglycerides when consuming sucrose-sweetened cola compared
to low-fat milk? Answer: Increased liver triglycerides (TAG) and fasting plasma TAG.
What lipid changes occur in individuals consuming a diet with 25% energy from
sucrose? Answer: Increased total cholesterol (TC) and LDL compared to a low sucrose
diet.
How does fructose metabolism differ from glucose metabolism in the liver? Answer:
Fructose is taken up almost entirely by the liver via specific GLUT transporters, while
glucose is phosphorylated by glucokinase regulated by insulin.
What is the impact of simple sugars like sucrose on cardiometabolic function compared
to complex carbohydrates? Answer: Simple sugars influence cardiometabolic function
more significantly than complex carbohydrates even in energy-balanced states.
What are the effects of consuming sucrose versus starch on fasting TAG and insulin
levels? Answer: The sucrose diet group showed increased fasting TAG, cholesterol,
glucose, and insulin compared to the starch group.
What is the role of ApoC-III in lipid metabolism? Answer: ApoC-III inhibits lipoprotein
lipase, leading to a buildup of TAG in the blood.
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
SWEETENERS IN CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH
|COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH 100% ACCURATE
QUESTIONS &ANSWERS. EXCELLENCE GUARANTEED.
What health issues are strongly linked to the consumption of added sugar, particularly
fructose? Answer: Liver disease, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperuricemia,
cardiovascular disease (CVD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
What is the direct pathway through which added sugars contribute to non-
communicable diseases? Answer: Added sugars contribute directly to these diseases
independent of body weight.
What are the main monosaccharides that make up added sugars? Answer: Glucose,
fructose, and galactose.
What is sucrose composed of? Answer: Sucrose is composed of 1:1 glucose and
fructose.
What is high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and how is it produced? Answer: HFCS is
produced from cornstarch, digested to glucose, and treated with isomerase enzymes to
convert some glucose to fructose.
What are the common types of high-fructose corn syrup? Answer: HFCS-42 (42%
fructose) and HFCS-55 (55% fructose).
What are some benefits of using high-fructose corn syrup in food production? Answer:
Increases shelf stability, helps retain moisture, and prevents granulation.
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, How does the sweetness of fructose compare to sucrose? Answer: Fructose is
significantly sweeter than sucrose, with a sweetness value of 1.2 to 1.8.
What was the unadjusted relative risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with sugar-
sweetened beverages (SSBs) according to a meta-analysis? Answer: 1.18, indicating
an 18% increased risk.
What happens to liver triglycerides when consuming sucrose-sweetened cola compared
to low-fat milk? Answer: Increased liver triglycerides (TAG) and fasting plasma TAG.
What lipid changes occur in individuals consuming a diet with 25% energy from
sucrose? Answer: Increased total cholesterol (TC) and LDL compared to a low sucrose
diet.
How does fructose metabolism differ from glucose metabolism in the liver? Answer:
Fructose is taken up almost entirely by the liver via specific GLUT transporters, while
glucose is phosphorylated by glucokinase regulated by insulin.
What is the impact of simple sugars like sucrose on cardiometabolic function compared
to complex carbohydrates? Answer: Simple sugars influence cardiometabolic function
more significantly than complex carbohydrates even in energy-balanced states.
What are the effects of consuming sucrose versus starch on fasting TAG and insulin
levels? Answer: The sucrose diet group showed increased fasting TAG, cholesterol,
glucose, and insulin compared to the starch group.
What is the role of ApoC-III in lipid metabolism? Answer: ApoC-III inhibits lipoprotein
lipase, leading to a buildup of TAG in the blood.
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
