Pathophysiology and Pharmacology - EXAM 1
EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
RECENT AND COMPREHENSIVE VERSION
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What governmental organizations track medication errors?
FDA's MedWatch, NCC MERP (National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and
Prevention), FDA's DMEPA (Division of Medication Error Prevention and Analysis)
What is cotransport?
The movement of two or more chemicals across the membrane
Strategies for reducing medication errors (evaluation)
- Assess patient for expected outcomes of drug administered
- Determine if any adverse effects have occurred
- Document and report these findings
,Impact of Medication Errors
- Common cause of morbidity and preventable death in hospitals
- Emotionally devastating to nurse and patient
- Increased cost to patient and facility as it may extend patient's hospital stay
- Damaged reputation of unit or facility with high reported incidence of errors
- Reputation of facility may suffer because of errors do to perceptions of it being unsafe
- No acceptable rate of medication errors (NCC MERP, 2008)
- Errors should be investigated and subjected to analysis to determine causes
- Goal of healthcare facility is to continuously improve medication administration systems to keep error
rate as low as possible
What are the two ways drugs can cross plasma membranes?
Active transport or diffusion/passive transport
Strategies for reducing medication errors (assessment)
- Assess food and medication allergies
- Assess current health concerns
- Assess use of OTCs and herbal supplements
- Review recent laboratory tests
- Assess kidney, liver, and other body functions
- Review recent physical-assessment findings
- Identify need for education of medication regimen
, Intravenous Administration (IV)
Three basic types of IV administration
Medications and fluids are administered directly into the bloodstream and are immediately available for
use by the body; bypass the enzymatic process of digestive system and first-pass effect of the liver
three basic types: large-volume infusion, intermittent infusion, IV bolus (push) administration
Fastest drug onset action, but also most dangerous method due to contamination, swift adverse
reactions, and the irretrievability of medication
Reporting and documenting medication errors
- Include specific nursing interventions implemented after the error to protect patient safety (e.g.
assessment of pt., informing nursing supervisor, call to HCP, follow thru on HCP orders for care of
patient)
- Document all individuals notified of error
- Give details of what medication was given or omitted in medication-administration record (eMAR)
Subcutaneous Administration
delivered to the deepest layers of the skin, used for easy access and rapid absorption
Volume injected typically 0.5 - 1 mL; 45 degree angle
Aspiration not usually necessary, but depends on drug
EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
RECENT AND COMPREHENSIVE VERSION
GUARANTEED PASS WITH INSTANT PDF
DOWNLOAD
What governmental organizations track medication errors?
FDA's MedWatch, NCC MERP (National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and
Prevention), FDA's DMEPA (Division of Medication Error Prevention and Analysis)
What is cotransport?
The movement of two or more chemicals across the membrane
Strategies for reducing medication errors (evaluation)
- Assess patient for expected outcomes of drug administered
- Determine if any adverse effects have occurred
- Document and report these findings
,Impact of Medication Errors
- Common cause of morbidity and preventable death in hospitals
- Emotionally devastating to nurse and patient
- Increased cost to patient and facility as it may extend patient's hospital stay
- Damaged reputation of unit or facility with high reported incidence of errors
- Reputation of facility may suffer because of errors do to perceptions of it being unsafe
- No acceptable rate of medication errors (NCC MERP, 2008)
- Errors should be investigated and subjected to analysis to determine causes
- Goal of healthcare facility is to continuously improve medication administration systems to keep error
rate as low as possible
What are the two ways drugs can cross plasma membranes?
Active transport or diffusion/passive transport
Strategies for reducing medication errors (assessment)
- Assess food and medication allergies
- Assess current health concerns
- Assess use of OTCs and herbal supplements
- Review recent laboratory tests
- Assess kidney, liver, and other body functions
- Review recent physical-assessment findings
- Identify need for education of medication regimen
, Intravenous Administration (IV)
Three basic types of IV administration
Medications and fluids are administered directly into the bloodstream and are immediately available for
use by the body; bypass the enzymatic process of digestive system and first-pass effect of the liver
three basic types: large-volume infusion, intermittent infusion, IV bolus (push) administration
Fastest drug onset action, but also most dangerous method due to contamination, swift adverse
reactions, and the irretrievability of medication
Reporting and documenting medication errors
- Include specific nursing interventions implemented after the error to protect patient safety (e.g.
assessment of pt., informing nursing supervisor, call to HCP, follow thru on HCP orders for care of
patient)
- Document all individuals notified of error
- Give details of what medication was given or omitted in medication-administration record (eMAR)
Subcutaneous Administration
delivered to the deepest layers of the skin, used for easy access and rapid absorption
Volume injected typically 0.5 - 1 mL; 45 degree angle
Aspiration not usually necessary, but depends on drug
