M1-4 (25) M5 (7) M6 (6) M7 (7) M8 (6) M9 (7) M10 (6) M11 (7) M12 (6) M13 (14)
TEST BANK FOR SUMMER
FINALE EXAMS M1-4 (25) M5 (7)
M6 (6) M7 (7) M8 (6) M9 (7) M10 (6)
M11 (7) M12 (6) M13 (14) WELL
EXPLAINED IN DETAILS
LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027
RATED A+
1
,M1-4 (25) M5 (7) M6 (6) M7 (7) M8 (6) M9 (7) M10 (6) M11 (7) M12 (6) M13 (14)
M1-4 (25) M5 (7) M6 (6) M7 (7) M8 (6) M9 (7) M10 (6) M11 (7) M12 (6) M13 (14)
Normal Sinus Rhythm
Regular Rate and Rhythm
Sinus Bradycardia
Slow rate and regular rhythm
<60 bpm
Causes: sleep, athletic training, hypothyroidism, vagal stimulation, medications, increased ICP,
CAD
Tx: monitor, hold medications
- Symptomatic: oxygen, Atropine, transcutaneous pacing, Dopamine
Nursing: check BP, lie down, normal in athletes
Sinus Tachycardia
Fast rate and regular rhythm
>100 bpm
Causes: stress, blood loss, shock, fever, exercise, anxiety, drugs
2
,M1-4 (25) M5 (7) M6 (6) M7 (7) M8 (6) M9 (7) M10 (6) M11 (7) M12 (6) M13 (14)
Tx: fluid rehydration, BB
- Unstable: synchronized cardioversion, vagal maneuvers, Adenosine
Nursing: check BP, assess syncope/SOB, lie down
Sinus Arrhythmia
Sinus node creates impulse at irregular rhythm
Rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration
Not treated
Premature Atrial Complex
Electrical impulse starts in atrium before next normal impulse of sinus node
- QRS jumps directly to next QRS
Causes: caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, anxiety, hypokalemia, hypermetabolic state, atrial ischemia,
digoxin toxicity
Tx: untreated
Nursing: check apical for one minute
Atrial Flutter
Misfiring in the same spot of the atrium
Rapid regular atrial rate of 250-400 bpm
F waves present
Causes: COPD, pulmonary HTN, open heart surgery, alcoholism
3
, M1-4 (25) M5 (7) M6 (6) M7 (7) M8 (6) M9 (7) M10 (6) M11 (7) M12 (6) M13 (14)
Tx: vagal maneuvers, anticoagulants, catheter ablation
- Normal Heart Function: Diltiazem, Verapamil
- Impaired heart Function: Digoxin, Diltiazem, Amiodarone
- Symptomatic: synchronized cardioversion
Nursing: check BP, assess syncope/palpitations/SOB, lie down
Atrial Fibrillation
Quivering of atrium due to multiple areas of re-entry
Causes: mitral valve disorders, rheumatic heart disease, MI, HTN, CAD, HF, pericarditis, COPD,
digoxin toxicity, post cardiac surgery
Risk Factors: age, male, overweight, HTN, HF
Tx: control heart rate first and then coagulation
- Asymptomatic: anticoagulants
- Persistent: BB, pacemaker, catheter ablation, surgical ablation
- Normal Heart Function: BB, CCB
- Impaired Heart Function: Digoxin, Diltiazem, Amiodarone
- Symptomatic: synchronized cardioversion
Nursing: check BP, assess syncope/SOB
Premature Ventricular Complex
Impulse in ventricles where QRS comes early
- Bigeminy: every other complex is PVC
- Trigeminy: every third complex is PVC
- Quadrigeminy: every fourth complex is PVC
Causes: caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, tobacco, digoxin toxicity, exercise, hypocalcemia,
hyperkalemia, new MI, proarrhythmic effect
Tx: check patient first
- Asymptomatic: rule out hypokalemia and hypoxemia, oxygen
- Symptomatic: MON, antiarrhythmic
Nursing: assess patient, palpitations, lightheadedness
4
TEST BANK FOR SUMMER
FINALE EXAMS M1-4 (25) M5 (7)
M6 (6) M7 (7) M8 (6) M9 (7) M10 (6)
M11 (7) M12 (6) M13 (14) WELL
EXPLAINED IN DETAILS
LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027
RATED A+
1
,M1-4 (25) M5 (7) M6 (6) M7 (7) M8 (6) M9 (7) M10 (6) M11 (7) M12 (6) M13 (14)
M1-4 (25) M5 (7) M6 (6) M7 (7) M8 (6) M9 (7) M10 (6) M11 (7) M12 (6) M13 (14)
Normal Sinus Rhythm
Regular Rate and Rhythm
Sinus Bradycardia
Slow rate and regular rhythm
<60 bpm
Causes: sleep, athletic training, hypothyroidism, vagal stimulation, medications, increased ICP,
CAD
Tx: monitor, hold medications
- Symptomatic: oxygen, Atropine, transcutaneous pacing, Dopamine
Nursing: check BP, lie down, normal in athletes
Sinus Tachycardia
Fast rate and regular rhythm
>100 bpm
Causes: stress, blood loss, shock, fever, exercise, anxiety, drugs
2
,M1-4 (25) M5 (7) M6 (6) M7 (7) M8 (6) M9 (7) M10 (6) M11 (7) M12 (6) M13 (14)
Tx: fluid rehydration, BB
- Unstable: synchronized cardioversion, vagal maneuvers, Adenosine
Nursing: check BP, assess syncope/SOB, lie down
Sinus Arrhythmia
Sinus node creates impulse at irregular rhythm
Rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration
Not treated
Premature Atrial Complex
Electrical impulse starts in atrium before next normal impulse of sinus node
- QRS jumps directly to next QRS
Causes: caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, anxiety, hypokalemia, hypermetabolic state, atrial ischemia,
digoxin toxicity
Tx: untreated
Nursing: check apical for one minute
Atrial Flutter
Misfiring in the same spot of the atrium
Rapid regular atrial rate of 250-400 bpm
F waves present
Causes: COPD, pulmonary HTN, open heart surgery, alcoholism
3
, M1-4 (25) M5 (7) M6 (6) M7 (7) M8 (6) M9 (7) M10 (6) M11 (7) M12 (6) M13 (14)
Tx: vagal maneuvers, anticoagulants, catheter ablation
- Normal Heart Function: Diltiazem, Verapamil
- Impaired heart Function: Digoxin, Diltiazem, Amiodarone
- Symptomatic: synchronized cardioversion
Nursing: check BP, assess syncope/palpitations/SOB, lie down
Atrial Fibrillation
Quivering of atrium due to multiple areas of re-entry
Causes: mitral valve disorders, rheumatic heart disease, MI, HTN, CAD, HF, pericarditis, COPD,
digoxin toxicity, post cardiac surgery
Risk Factors: age, male, overweight, HTN, HF
Tx: control heart rate first and then coagulation
- Asymptomatic: anticoagulants
- Persistent: BB, pacemaker, catheter ablation, surgical ablation
- Normal Heart Function: BB, CCB
- Impaired Heart Function: Digoxin, Diltiazem, Amiodarone
- Symptomatic: synchronized cardioversion
Nursing: check BP, assess syncope/SOB
Premature Ventricular Complex
Impulse in ventricles where QRS comes early
- Bigeminy: every other complex is PVC
- Trigeminy: every third complex is PVC
- Quadrigeminy: every fourth complex is PVC
Causes: caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, tobacco, digoxin toxicity, exercise, hypocalcemia,
hyperkalemia, new MI, proarrhythmic effect
Tx: check patient first
- Asymptomatic: rule out hypokalemia and hypoxemia, oxygen
- Symptomatic: MON, antiarrhythmic
Nursing: assess patient, palpitations, lightheadedness
4
