MIBO 3500E Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL Questions And Correct Answers
C
Terms in this set (527)
Millimeter (mm) 10^-3 m (1000 mm in a m)
Micrometer (µm) 10^-6 m (1000 µm in a mm)
Nanometer (nm) 10^-9 m (1000 nm in a µm)
Microbes Organisms and acellular agents too small to be seen by the unaided eye
~100-200 µm What is the limit of detection for the unaided eye?
10,000 µm What is the width of a fingernail?
2 µm What is the length of Escherichia coli (E. coli)?
0.2 µm What is the length of T4 phage (virus that infects bacteria)?
There are 1000 nm in 1 µm so 2 µm is equivalent to 2000 You have an E. coli bacterial cell that is 2 µm and a Salmonella bacterial cell that is
nm. Both cells are the same sisze. 2000 nm. Which cell is larger?
Microbial size contradictions 1. Supersize microbial cells: outliers we can sometimes see (ex: Thiomargarita
namibiensis is 0.7 mm or larger, some giant amoebas can be seen by unaided eye)
2. Microbial communities: in some cases we can see (ex: mushrooms easily seen
with unaided eye)
3. Viruses: considered acellular agents, not living; microorganisms but not
cells...just nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) -Built the first compound microscope
-Used it to observe mold, fleas, cork: looking at world in new way, could see
details of animals, plants, soil
-Published Micrographia: intricate drawings of what he saw, believe now may have
been fungus
-Coined the term "cell"
-First scientist credited with describing microorganism at cellular level
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) -Built single-lens magnifiers
-First to observe single-celled microbes: "discovered" bacteria (published
drawings and descriptions)
-He called them "small animals": "animolecules" (had no point of reference)
, Spontaneous generation The controversial theory of living organisms from non-living matter (life will
spontaneously arise from non-living) debated by many historical scientists
-Decaying meat "produced" maggots
-Sand "produced" oysters and clams
-Used as evidence for microorganisms but many disagreed
Francesco Redi (1626-1697) Showed that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs deposited on the
meat, not from the meat itself
-Published that this refuted spontaneous generation
-Life (maggots) came from other life (flies), further analysis showed microscopic
life associated with decaying meat but couldn't be explained at the time
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) Showed that nutrient broth sealed in flasks and then boiled had no growth of
microorganisms
-Disproved spontaneous generation; microbial life must be coming from outside
container, not non-living broth
-Conclusions: cellular fission of microbes in broth...showed microbes do have
"parents"
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Showed that nutrient broth heated in swan neck flasks had no growth of
microorganisms, but broken necked flasks did
-Supported cloudy life was coming from elsewhere and not spontaneously
generated
-This experiment formally ended spontaneous generation theory: biogenesis now
accepted (life from life)
Germ theory The theory that many diseases are caused by microbes
-Now associating observation of microbial life in diseased tissue with disease .. do
they cause diseases?
-Important principles: chain of infection, pure culture, and colonies
Chain of infection Transmission
-Observed through humans, animals, plants...more and more get sick
Pure culture A culture from a single parental cell
-Virus is exception: need hosts to replicate
-Ex: liquid broth
Colonies Distinct populations each grown from a single cell
-Usually on solid surface
-Genetically identical
-All colonies are pure cultures, but not all pure cultures are colonies
Robert Koch (1843-1910) -First guidelines (postulates) to establish a link between a specific microbe and
disease
-Studied the link between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax
-Solidified germ theory and how scientists can support their hypotheses
C
Terms in this set (527)
Millimeter (mm) 10^-3 m (1000 mm in a m)
Micrometer (µm) 10^-6 m (1000 µm in a mm)
Nanometer (nm) 10^-9 m (1000 nm in a µm)
Microbes Organisms and acellular agents too small to be seen by the unaided eye
~100-200 µm What is the limit of detection for the unaided eye?
10,000 µm What is the width of a fingernail?
2 µm What is the length of Escherichia coli (E. coli)?
0.2 µm What is the length of T4 phage (virus that infects bacteria)?
There are 1000 nm in 1 µm so 2 µm is equivalent to 2000 You have an E. coli bacterial cell that is 2 µm and a Salmonella bacterial cell that is
nm. Both cells are the same sisze. 2000 nm. Which cell is larger?
Microbial size contradictions 1. Supersize microbial cells: outliers we can sometimes see (ex: Thiomargarita
namibiensis is 0.7 mm or larger, some giant amoebas can be seen by unaided eye)
2. Microbial communities: in some cases we can see (ex: mushrooms easily seen
with unaided eye)
3. Viruses: considered acellular agents, not living; microorganisms but not
cells...just nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) -Built the first compound microscope
-Used it to observe mold, fleas, cork: looking at world in new way, could see
details of animals, plants, soil
-Published Micrographia: intricate drawings of what he saw, believe now may have
been fungus
-Coined the term "cell"
-First scientist credited with describing microorganism at cellular level
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) -Built single-lens magnifiers
-First to observe single-celled microbes: "discovered" bacteria (published
drawings and descriptions)
-He called them "small animals": "animolecules" (had no point of reference)
, Spontaneous generation The controversial theory of living organisms from non-living matter (life will
spontaneously arise from non-living) debated by many historical scientists
-Decaying meat "produced" maggots
-Sand "produced" oysters and clams
-Used as evidence for microorganisms but many disagreed
Francesco Redi (1626-1697) Showed that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs deposited on the
meat, not from the meat itself
-Published that this refuted spontaneous generation
-Life (maggots) came from other life (flies), further analysis showed microscopic
life associated with decaying meat but couldn't be explained at the time
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) Showed that nutrient broth sealed in flasks and then boiled had no growth of
microorganisms
-Disproved spontaneous generation; microbial life must be coming from outside
container, not non-living broth
-Conclusions: cellular fission of microbes in broth...showed microbes do have
"parents"
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Showed that nutrient broth heated in swan neck flasks had no growth of
microorganisms, but broken necked flasks did
-Supported cloudy life was coming from elsewhere and not spontaneously
generated
-This experiment formally ended spontaneous generation theory: biogenesis now
accepted (life from life)
Germ theory The theory that many diseases are caused by microbes
-Now associating observation of microbial life in diseased tissue with disease .. do
they cause diseases?
-Important principles: chain of infection, pure culture, and colonies
Chain of infection Transmission
-Observed through humans, animals, plants...more and more get sick
Pure culture A culture from a single parental cell
-Virus is exception: need hosts to replicate
-Ex: liquid broth
Colonies Distinct populations each grown from a single cell
-Usually on solid surface
-Genetically identical
-All colonies are pure cultures, but not all pure cultures are colonies
Robert Koch (1843-1910) -First guidelines (postulates) to establish a link between a specific microbe and
disease
-Studied the link between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax
-Solidified germ theory and how scientists can support their hypotheses
