BIOS251 EXAM 2 PROFESSIONAL EXAMPREP
2026 TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
FULL REVIEW GRADED A+
◉ Prokaryotic cells. Answer: Cells without an organized nucleus.
◉ Eukaryotic cells. Answer: Cells with an organized and well defined
nucleus.
◉ Plasma (cell) membrane. Answer: Separates internal and external
environments.
◉ DNA. Answer: Genetic material that controls an organism's
composition, replicates the cell.
◉ Cytoplasm. Answer: Can be divided into two portions: Cytosol and
Organelles.
◉ Cytosol. Answer: The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
◉ Ribosomes. Answer: The site of protein synthesis.
,◉ Cytoskeleton. Answer: Intracellular support, used in cell
movement, moves organelles.
◉ Gamete cells. Answer: Cells used for reproduction (sperm and
ovum). Replicate via meiosis.
◉ Somatic cells. Answer: All other cells in the body. Replicate via
mitosis.
◉ Functions of the cell membrane. Answer: Serves as a barrier
protecting the cell's inner content from the extracellular
environment.
◉ Phospholipid bilayer. Answer: The structure that makes up the
cell membrane.
◉ Hydrophilic heads. Answer: Water 'loving' parts of the
phospholipid bilayer.
◉ Hydrophobic tails. Answer: Water 'hating' parts of the
phospholipid bilayer.
◉ Integral proteins. Answer: Found to travel the entire width of the
membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
, ◉ Channel proteins. Answer: Allow ions to cross the membrane from
one side to another.
◉ Carrier proteins. Answer: Transport specific substances from one
side of the plasma membrane to the other.
◉ Receptor proteins. Answer: Recognize and bind to specific
molecules called ligands.
◉ Cell Identity Markers. Answer: Allow the cell to be identified and
distinguished by the immune system.
◉ Na+/K+ ATPase pump. Answer: Maintains an electrochemical
gradient.
◉ Gap Junctions. Answer: Form a connection between two cells.
◉ Enzymes. Answer: Catalyzes (speeds up) chemical reactions
inside or outside the cell.
◉ Cell Adhesion Molecules. Answer: Serve as structural support and
stability for a cell.
2026 TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
FULL REVIEW GRADED A+
◉ Prokaryotic cells. Answer: Cells without an organized nucleus.
◉ Eukaryotic cells. Answer: Cells with an organized and well defined
nucleus.
◉ Plasma (cell) membrane. Answer: Separates internal and external
environments.
◉ DNA. Answer: Genetic material that controls an organism's
composition, replicates the cell.
◉ Cytoplasm. Answer: Can be divided into two portions: Cytosol and
Organelles.
◉ Cytosol. Answer: The liquid portion of the cytoplasm.
◉ Ribosomes. Answer: The site of protein synthesis.
,◉ Cytoskeleton. Answer: Intracellular support, used in cell
movement, moves organelles.
◉ Gamete cells. Answer: Cells used for reproduction (sperm and
ovum). Replicate via meiosis.
◉ Somatic cells. Answer: All other cells in the body. Replicate via
mitosis.
◉ Functions of the cell membrane. Answer: Serves as a barrier
protecting the cell's inner content from the extracellular
environment.
◉ Phospholipid bilayer. Answer: The structure that makes up the
cell membrane.
◉ Hydrophilic heads. Answer: Water 'loving' parts of the
phospholipid bilayer.
◉ Hydrophobic tails. Answer: Water 'hating' parts of the
phospholipid bilayer.
◉ Integral proteins. Answer: Found to travel the entire width of the
membrane touching both internal and external surfaces.
, ◉ Channel proteins. Answer: Allow ions to cross the membrane from
one side to another.
◉ Carrier proteins. Answer: Transport specific substances from one
side of the plasma membrane to the other.
◉ Receptor proteins. Answer: Recognize and bind to specific
molecules called ligands.
◉ Cell Identity Markers. Answer: Allow the cell to be identified and
distinguished by the immune system.
◉ Na+/K+ ATPase pump. Answer: Maintains an electrochemical
gradient.
◉ Gap Junctions. Answer: Form a connection between two cells.
◉ Enzymes. Answer: Catalyzes (speeds up) chemical reactions
inside or outside the cell.
◉ Cell Adhesion Molecules. Answer: Serve as structural support and
stability for a cell.
