NUR 408 NURSING CARE OF CHILDREN WITH
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS-with
100%Correct Solutions
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Hole between the atria causing left-to-right shunting; often asymptomatic early but may affect
lungs later in life and present with a murmur; treated with surgery or catheter closure depending
on size.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Opening between ventricles causing left-to-right shunting; increases cardiac workload and may
lead to CHF, failure to thrive, and heart enlargement; requires prophylactic antibiotics and
possible surgical repair.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Failure of fetal ductus arteriosus to close, leading to left-to-right shunting from aorta to
pulmonary artery; causes pulmonary congestion and increased left heart workload; treated with
ibuprofen or surgical closure.
Coarctation of the Aorta
Narrowing of the aorta causing decreased blood flow to lower body and increased pressure above
the defect; may cause hypertension, headaches, and dizziness; treated with antihypertensives or
angioplasty.
Aortic Stenosis
, Narrowed aortic valve causing resistance to blood leaving the left ventricle; leads to decreased
cardiac output, left ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary congestion, and symptoms like weak
pulses and chest pain; treated with surgery and antibiotics.
Pulmonic Stenosis
Narrowing of pulmonic valve causing obstruction of blood flow from right ventricle; may lead to
right ventricular hypertrophy and cyanosis; treated with angioplasty or valve replacement.
Tetralogy of Fallot
Combination of four defects (VSD, pulmonic stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular
hypertrophy) causing right-to-left shunting and cyanosis; associated with 'tet spells,' squatting,
and poor growth; requires early surgical repair.
Transposition of the Great Vessels (TGV)
Pulmonary artery arises from left ventricle and aorta from right ventricle, causing separate
circulations and severe hypoxia; cyanosis always present; treated with prostaglandins and early
surgery.
Truncus Arteriosus
Single arterial trunk leaving the heart causes mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood;
leads to CHF, pulmonary overcirculation, and cyanosis; requires early surgical intervention.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
Underdevelopment of left side of heart leading to severely decreased systemic circulation; causes
cyanosis, heart failure, and cardiovascular collapse; requires prostaglandins, staged surgeries, or
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS-with
100%Correct Solutions
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Hole between the atria causing left-to-right shunting; often asymptomatic early but may affect
lungs later in life and present with a murmur; treated with surgery or catheter closure depending
on size.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Opening between ventricles causing left-to-right shunting; increases cardiac workload and may
lead to CHF, failure to thrive, and heart enlargement; requires prophylactic antibiotics and
possible surgical repair.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Failure of fetal ductus arteriosus to close, leading to left-to-right shunting from aorta to
pulmonary artery; causes pulmonary congestion and increased left heart workload; treated with
ibuprofen or surgical closure.
Coarctation of the Aorta
Narrowing of the aorta causing decreased blood flow to lower body and increased pressure above
the defect; may cause hypertension, headaches, and dizziness; treated with antihypertensives or
angioplasty.
Aortic Stenosis
, Narrowed aortic valve causing resistance to blood leaving the left ventricle; leads to decreased
cardiac output, left ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary congestion, and symptoms like weak
pulses and chest pain; treated with surgery and antibiotics.
Pulmonic Stenosis
Narrowing of pulmonic valve causing obstruction of blood flow from right ventricle; may lead to
right ventricular hypertrophy and cyanosis; treated with angioplasty or valve replacement.
Tetralogy of Fallot
Combination of four defects (VSD, pulmonic stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular
hypertrophy) causing right-to-left shunting and cyanosis; associated with 'tet spells,' squatting,
and poor growth; requires early surgical repair.
Transposition of the Great Vessels (TGV)
Pulmonary artery arises from left ventricle and aorta from right ventricle, causing separate
circulations and severe hypoxia; cyanosis always present; treated with prostaglandins and early
surgery.
Truncus Arteriosus
Single arterial trunk leaving the heart causes mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood;
leads to CHF, pulmonary overcirculation, and cyanosis; requires early surgical intervention.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
Underdevelopment of left side of heart leading to severely decreased systemic circulation; causes
cyanosis, heart failure, and cardiovascular collapse; requires prostaglandins, staged surgeries, or
