Bio 1002 Exam 4 Complete Exam Study
Questions with Actual Answers | Expert
Graded A+
1. What plant cell type is characterized by a large central vacuole and is known
for repair and food storage? - ANSWER Parenchyma cells.
2. What is the likely effect of a mutation causing spongy parenchyma to have
the same structure as palisade parenchyma? - ANSWER The plant will be
less efficient at gas exchange due to reduced diffusion of gases within the
leaf.
3. Contact & fusion of sperm & egg membranes: - ANSWER Fusion triggers
rapid depolarization of the egg membrane, using Na+ from sea water
Na+ is pumped into egg, H+ pumped out à rapid block to polyspermy
It is thought that the pH increase (and Ca2+elevation) act together to stimulate
new protein synthesis and DNA synthesis.
4. Cortical Reaction - ANSWER cortical granules in the egg
fuse to the plasma membrane & cleave sperm
receptors--> fertilization envelope forms
5. There are 2 methods in place to block polyspermy: a rapid response, and a
slow response. Can you think of a biological reason as to why its crucial to
prevent polyspermy during fertilization?
A. Polyspermy causes twins, triplets, quads (etc.)
B. Polyspermy would result in a triploid zygote
C. Polyspermy would result in a zygote containing a trisomy
, D. Polyspermy could result in the formation of an animal other than a
human - ANSWER B
6. Penis - ANSWER contains urethra, and 3 cylinders of erectile tissue (fills
with blood during erection)
7. Scrotum - ANSWER skin that holds testes external to core body,
maintaining temperature 2 degrees Celsius cooler than core body
temperature (essential for normal sperm development)
8. Internal reproductive organs: - ANSWER Gonads that produce sperm and
reproductive hormones
Accessory glands that secrete products essential to sperm movement
Ducts that carry sperm and glandular secretions
9. External reproductive organs: - ANSWER Scrotum and penis
10.Testes - ANSWER make sperm (seminiferous tubules)
11.Epididymus - ANSWER duct where sperm mature and become motile
12.Seminal vesicles - ANSWER glands that release secretions, making up
~60% of semen, contains fructose (sperm food!) and citrate
13.Prostate Gland - ANSWER secretions make up ~30% of semen, contains
bicarbonate to buffer sperm as they enter vagina (acidic)
,14.Bulbourethral gland - ANSWER secrete mucus to neutralize acidic urine in
urethra (often called pre-ejaculate)
15.Fill in the missing item in each sentence, and then put the sentences in order
showing the movement of sperm out of the body. - ANSWER Sperm
mature in the seminiferous tubules.
Mature sperm are released into the tubule lumen.
Sperm become motile in the epididymis.
Sperm enter the vas deferens.
Sperm move into the ejaculatory duct.
The seminal vesicles add nutrients to the sperm and the prostate secretes a
protective fluid.
The sperm move out of the body through the urethra.
16.Gonads - ANSWER organs that produce gametes; testes in males, ovaries in
females
17.Gametes - ANSWER sperm in males, eggs in females
18.Spermatogenesis (sperm production) - ANSWER continuous and prolific.
Millions of sperm are produced every day; each sperm takes about 7 weeks
to develop.
19.How does spermatogenesis differ from egg production? - ANSWER 1. All 4
products of meiosis develop into sperm, while only 1 of the meiotic products
will become a mature egg.
2. Spermatogenesis occurs from the point of adolescence, through adulthood.
3. Sperm are produced continuously without the prolonged interruptions that
occur in oogenesis.
, 20.What is gametogenesis? - ANSWER Production of gametes
21.Acrosome - ANSWER Contains enzymes that assist with egg penetration.
Located at the tip of the head of sperm.
22.When do you think diploidy is first reestablished?
A. maturation
B. spermatogenesis
C. fertilization
D. organogenesis
E. ovulation - ANSWER C
23.Where does spermatogenesis occur? - ANSWER Occurs in the seminiferous
tubules in the testes.
24.Steps of spermatogenesis - ANSWER Begins with the enlargement of an
undifferentiated diploid (2n) germ cell called a spermatogonium. Becomes a
primary spermatocyte, undergoes meiosis I- produces 2 secondary
spermatocytes (haploid (n)). Spermatocytes undergo meiosis II- produces a
total of 4 haploid (n) spermatids.
25.Steps of oogenesis - ANSWER Begins with enlargement of an
undifferentiated diploid (2n) germ cell called an oogonium. Becomes
primary oocyte--> meiosis I begins but is arrested at prophase I until
puberty. Meiosis I resumes (in 1 oocyte) in response to FSH...BUT...
daughter cells do not receive equal cytoplasm! Only 1 receives cytoplasm
(becomes secondary oocyte)
• Undergoes meiosis II and paused at metaphase
• released during ovulation
• Only upon fertilization is meiosis II completed
Questions with Actual Answers | Expert
Graded A+
1. What plant cell type is characterized by a large central vacuole and is known
for repair and food storage? - ANSWER Parenchyma cells.
2. What is the likely effect of a mutation causing spongy parenchyma to have
the same structure as palisade parenchyma? - ANSWER The plant will be
less efficient at gas exchange due to reduced diffusion of gases within the
leaf.
3. Contact & fusion of sperm & egg membranes: - ANSWER Fusion triggers
rapid depolarization of the egg membrane, using Na+ from sea water
Na+ is pumped into egg, H+ pumped out à rapid block to polyspermy
It is thought that the pH increase (and Ca2+elevation) act together to stimulate
new protein synthesis and DNA synthesis.
4. Cortical Reaction - ANSWER cortical granules in the egg
fuse to the plasma membrane & cleave sperm
receptors--> fertilization envelope forms
5. There are 2 methods in place to block polyspermy: a rapid response, and a
slow response. Can you think of a biological reason as to why its crucial to
prevent polyspermy during fertilization?
A. Polyspermy causes twins, triplets, quads (etc.)
B. Polyspermy would result in a triploid zygote
C. Polyspermy would result in a zygote containing a trisomy
, D. Polyspermy could result in the formation of an animal other than a
human - ANSWER B
6. Penis - ANSWER contains urethra, and 3 cylinders of erectile tissue (fills
with blood during erection)
7. Scrotum - ANSWER skin that holds testes external to core body,
maintaining temperature 2 degrees Celsius cooler than core body
temperature (essential for normal sperm development)
8. Internal reproductive organs: - ANSWER Gonads that produce sperm and
reproductive hormones
Accessory glands that secrete products essential to sperm movement
Ducts that carry sperm and glandular secretions
9. External reproductive organs: - ANSWER Scrotum and penis
10.Testes - ANSWER make sperm (seminiferous tubules)
11.Epididymus - ANSWER duct where sperm mature and become motile
12.Seminal vesicles - ANSWER glands that release secretions, making up
~60% of semen, contains fructose (sperm food!) and citrate
13.Prostate Gland - ANSWER secretions make up ~30% of semen, contains
bicarbonate to buffer sperm as they enter vagina (acidic)
,14.Bulbourethral gland - ANSWER secrete mucus to neutralize acidic urine in
urethra (often called pre-ejaculate)
15.Fill in the missing item in each sentence, and then put the sentences in order
showing the movement of sperm out of the body. - ANSWER Sperm
mature in the seminiferous tubules.
Mature sperm are released into the tubule lumen.
Sperm become motile in the epididymis.
Sperm enter the vas deferens.
Sperm move into the ejaculatory duct.
The seminal vesicles add nutrients to the sperm and the prostate secretes a
protective fluid.
The sperm move out of the body through the urethra.
16.Gonads - ANSWER organs that produce gametes; testes in males, ovaries in
females
17.Gametes - ANSWER sperm in males, eggs in females
18.Spermatogenesis (sperm production) - ANSWER continuous and prolific.
Millions of sperm are produced every day; each sperm takes about 7 weeks
to develop.
19.How does spermatogenesis differ from egg production? - ANSWER 1. All 4
products of meiosis develop into sperm, while only 1 of the meiotic products
will become a mature egg.
2. Spermatogenesis occurs from the point of adolescence, through adulthood.
3. Sperm are produced continuously without the prolonged interruptions that
occur in oogenesis.
, 20.What is gametogenesis? - ANSWER Production of gametes
21.Acrosome - ANSWER Contains enzymes that assist with egg penetration.
Located at the tip of the head of sperm.
22.When do you think diploidy is first reestablished?
A. maturation
B. spermatogenesis
C. fertilization
D. organogenesis
E. ovulation - ANSWER C
23.Where does spermatogenesis occur? - ANSWER Occurs in the seminiferous
tubules in the testes.
24.Steps of spermatogenesis - ANSWER Begins with the enlargement of an
undifferentiated diploid (2n) germ cell called a spermatogonium. Becomes a
primary spermatocyte, undergoes meiosis I- produces 2 secondary
spermatocytes (haploid (n)). Spermatocytes undergo meiosis II- produces a
total of 4 haploid (n) spermatids.
25.Steps of oogenesis - ANSWER Begins with enlargement of an
undifferentiated diploid (2n) germ cell called an oogonium. Becomes
primary oocyte--> meiosis I begins but is arrested at prophase I until
puberty. Meiosis I resumes (in 1 oocyte) in response to FSH...BUT...
daughter cells do not receive equal cytoplasm! Only 1 receives cytoplasm
(becomes secondary oocyte)
• Undergoes meiosis II and paused at metaphase
• released during ovulation
• Only upon fertilization is meiosis II completed
