Table of Contents
Module 1.................................................................................... 10
Methodologie.....................................................................................10
Normen en waarden van wetenschapsbeoefening................................10
Methoden..........................................................................................10
Alternatieve bronnen van kennis.........................................................10
Ideologie...........................................................................................10
Bouwstenen voor wetenschappelijke kennis over de sociale omgeving. 10
voorwaarden van causaliteit...............................................................11
Module 2.................................................................................... 11
Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek...................................................11
Wetenschappelijke kennis..................................................................11
Theorie/denken..................................................................................11
Concept en propositie........................................................................12
Wetenschappelijke theorie.................................................................12
Formele theorie.................................................................................12
Grand theory.....................................................................................12
Middle range theory...........................................................................12
Theorie: Job demand-control model.....................................................12
Kenmerken van een theorie................................................................13
Empirie/observeren............................................................................13
Uitdagingen van empirie....................................................................13
Deductie en inductie..........................................................................13
De empirische cyclus van wetenschappelijk onderzoek........................14
Geldigheid & betrouwbaarheid............................................................14
Meetgeldigheid..................................................................................15
Externe geldigheid.............................................................................15
Interne geldigheid..............................................................................15
Regelmatigheidsvisie op causaliteit....................................................15
Onderzoeken: Verschillen op het toepassingsgebied............................16
, Studie: Sesame street........................................................................16
Onderzoeken: Verschillen in methodologie..........................................16
Module 3.................................................................................... 17
Empirisme.........................................................................................17
Rationalisme......................................................................................17
Axioma..............................................................................................17
Francis Bacon....................................................................................18
David Hume.......................................................................................18
Correspondentietheorie van de waarheid (Hume)................................18
Constant conjunction/experienced union (Hume).................................19
Regelmatigheidsvisie op causaliteit (Hume)........................................19
Wiener Kreis......................................................................................19
Principe van Demarcatie (Wiener Kreis)..............................................19
Principe van verfieerbaarheid/verificationisme/verficatie (Wiener Kreis)
.........................................................................................................19
Inductieprobleem...............................................................................19
Popper..............................................................................................20
Falsificatie (Popper)...........................................................................20
Thomas Kuhn.....................................................................................20
Paradigma (Kuhn)..............................................................................20
Paradigmawissel (Kuhn).....................................................................21
Normale wetenschap..........................................................................21
Revolutionaire wetenschap.................................................................21
Gestalt-switch....................................................................................21
Belang van institutionele inbedding (Kuhn).........................................21
Lakatos.............................................................................................21
Paradigma 1: Naturalisme/positivisme................................................22
Paradigma 2: Constructivisme/interpretatieve sociale wetenschap.......22
Ontologie...........................................................................................23
Epistemologie....................................................................................23
Methodologie.....................................................................................23
, Tabula rasa........................................................................................23
Hermeneutische traditie.....................................................................23
Module 4.................................................................................... 23
Maatschappelijke rol van wetenschap.................................................23
Waardenvrije wetenschap (Max Weber)...............................................24
Racistische wetenschap......................................................................24
Ethiek................................................................................................24
Ethische Principe 1: vermijden van schade..........................................24
Ethische Principe 2: privicy garanderen...............................................25
GDPR.................................................................................................25
Principe 3: informed consent..............................................................25
Code van Neurenberg.........................................................................26
Deontologie.......................................................................................26
CUDOS-principe (Merton)....................................................................26
Open sciences....................................................................................26
Wetenschappelijke fraude..................................................................27
Module 5.................................................................................... 27
Onderzoeksplan.................................................................................27
Doel van een onderzoeksplan.............................................................28
Probleemstelling................................................................................28
Algemene vraagstelling......................................................................28
Onderzoeksdoel.................................................................................28
Literatuurstudie.................................................................................29
Doel literatuurstudie..........................................................................29
Vraagstelling.....................................................................................29
Smart principles.................................................................................29
Soorten kennis...................................................................................30
Onderzoeksopzet/onderzoekstechnisch ontwerp..................................30
Operationalisering.............................................................................30
Plaats (= de onderzoekslocatie)..........................................................30
Tijd...................................................................................................31
, Eenheden..........................................................................................31
Instrumenten/methode.......................................................................31
Tijdsplanning en financieel overzicht...................................................32
Module 6.................................................................................... 32
Meetproces........................................................................................32
Meten................................................................................................32
Meetfouten........................................................................................33
Kwantitatieve meting.........................................................................33
Soorten concepten bij kwantitatieve metingen....................................33
Fouten bij kwantitatieve metingen......................................................33
Soorten variabelen bij kwantitatieve metingen....................................34
Schaaltechnieken bij kwantitatieve metingen......................................34
Betrouwbaarheid testen bij kwantitatieve metingen............................35
Meetgeldigheid bij kwantitatieve metingen.........................................35
Soorten Variabelen bij het operationaliseren van relaties.....................36
Relaties tussen kenmerken.................................................................36
Relatie tussen categorische variabele berekenen.................................37
Kwalitatieve meting...........................................................................37
Kwalitatieve benaderingen.................................................................37
Kwaliteit van kwalitatieve metingen...................................................38
Simpsons paradox..............................................................................38
Module 7.................................................................................... 39
Populatie...........................................................................................39
Census/volkstelling............................................................................39
Steekproef.........................................................................................39
Onderzoekseenheden.........................................................................39
Toevalssteekproef..............................................................................40
Stappenplan om toevalssteekproef te trekken.....................................40
Enkelvoudige toevalssteekproef/simple random sample.......................40
Systematische enkelvoudige toevalsteekproef....................................41
Gestratificeerde steekproef................................................................41
Module 1.................................................................................... 10
Methodologie.....................................................................................10
Normen en waarden van wetenschapsbeoefening................................10
Methoden..........................................................................................10
Alternatieve bronnen van kennis.........................................................10
Ideologie...........................................................................................10
Bouwstenen voor wetenschappelijke kennis over de sociale omgeving. 10
voorwaarden van causaliteit...............................................................11
Module 2.................................................................................... 11
Sociaal-wetenschappelijk onderzoek...................................................11
Wetenschappelijke kennis..................................................................11
Theorie/denken..................................................................................11
Concept en propositie........................................................................12
Wetenschappelijke theorie.................................................................12
Formele theorie.................................................................................12
Grand theory.....................................................................................12
Middle range theory...........................................................................12
Theorie: Job demand-control model.....................................................12
Kenmerken van een theorie................................................................13
Empirie/observeren............................................................................13
Uitdagingen van empirie....................................................................13
Deductie en inductie..........................................................................13
De empirische cyclus van wetenschappelijk onderzoek........................14
Geldigheid & betrouwbaarheid............................................................14
Meetgeldigheid..................................................................................15
Externe geldigheid.............................................................................15
Interne geldigheid..............................................................................15
Regelmatigheidsvisie op causaliteit....................................................15
Onderzoeken: Verschillen op het toepassingsgebied............................16
, Studie: Sesame street........................................................................16
Onderzoeken: Verschillen in methodologie..........................................16
Module 3.................................................................................... 17
Empirisme.........................................................................................17
Rationalisme......................................................................................17
Axioma..............................................................................................17
Francis Bacon....................................................................................18
David Hume.......................................................................................18
Correspondentietheorie van de waarheid (Hume)................................18
Constant conjunction/experienced union (Hume).................................19
Regelmatigheidsvisie op causaliteit (Hume)........................................19
Wiener Kreis......................................................................................19
Principe van Demarcatie (Wiener Kreis)..............................................19
Principe van verfieerbaarheid/verificationisme/verficatie (Wiener Kreis)
.........................................................................................................19
Inductieprobleem...............................................................................19
Popper..............................................................................................20
Falsificatie (Popper)...........................................................................20
Thomas Kuhn.....................................................................................20
Paradigma (Kuhn)..............................................................................20
Paradigmawissel (Kuhn).....................................................................21
Normale wetenschap..........................................................................21
Revolutionaire wetenschap.................................................................21
Gestalt-switch....................................................................................21
Belang van institutionele inbedding (Kuhn).........................................21
Lakatos.............................................................................................21
Paradigma 1: Naturalisme/positivisme................................................22
Paradigma 2: Constructivisme/interpretatieve sociale wetenschap.......22
Ontologie...........................................................................................23
Epistemologie....................................................................................23
Methodologie.....................................................................................23
, Tabula rasa........................................................................................23
Hermeneutische traditie.....................................................................23
Module 4.................................................................................... 23
Maatschappelijke rol van wetenschap.................................................23
Waardenvrije wetenschap (Max Weber)...............................................24
Racistische wetenschap......................................................................24
Ethiek................................................................................................24
Ethische Principe 1: vermijden van schade..........................................24
Ethische Principe 2: privicy garanderen...............................................25
GDPR.................................................................................................25
Principe 3: informed consent..............................................................25
Code van Neurenberg.........................................................................26
Deontologie.......................................................................................26
CUDOS-principe (Merton)....................................................................26
Open sciences....................................................................................26
Wetenschappelijke fraude..................................................................27
Module 5.................................................................................... 27
Onderzoeksplan.................................................................................27
Doel van een onderzoeksplan.............................................................28
Probleemstelling................................................................................28
Algemene vraagstelling......................................................................28
Onderzoeksdoel.................................................................................28
Literatuurstudie.................................................................................29
Doel literatuurstudie..........................................................................29
Vraagstelling.....................................................................................29
Smart principles.................................................................................29
Soorten kennis...................................................................................30
Onderzoeksopzet/onderzoekstechnisch ontwerp..................................30
Operationalisering.............................................................................30
Plaats (= de onderzoekslocatie)..........................................................30
Tijd...................................................................................................31
, Eenheden..........................................................................................31
Instrumenten/methode.......................................................................31
Tijdsplanning en financieel overzicht...................................................32
Module 6.................................................................................... 32
Meetproces........................................................................................32
Meten................................................................................................32
Meetfouten........................................................................................33
Kwantitatieve meting.........................................................................33
Soorten concepten bij kwantitatieve metingen....................................33
Fouten bij kwantitatieve metingen......................................................33
Soorten variabelen bij kwantitatieve metingen....................................34
Schaaltechnieken bij kwantitatieve metingen......................................34
Betrouwbaarheid testen bij kwantitatieve metingen............................35
Meetgeldigheid bij kwantitatieve metingen.........................................35
Soorten Variabelen bij het operationaliseren van relaties.....................36
Relaties tussen kenmerken.................................................................36
Relatie tussen categorische variabele berekenen.................................37
Kwalitatieve meting...........................................................................37
Kwalitatieve benaderingen.................................................................37
Kwaliteit van kwalitatieve metingen...................................................38
Simpsons paradox..............................................................................38
Module 7.................................................................................... 39
Populatie...........................................................................................39
Census/volkstelling............................................................................39
Steekproef.........................................................................................39
Onderzoekseenheden.........................................................................39
Toevalssteekproef..............................................................................40
Stappenplan om toevalssteekproef te trekken.....................................40
Enkelvoudige toevalssteekproef/simple random sample.......................40
Systematische enkelvoudige toevalsteekproef....................................41
Gestratificeerde steekproef................................................................41
