A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH
EDITION 2026 KEY CONCEPTS AND
ARGUMENT ANALYSIS REVISION PACK A+
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What are arguments from example? Answer: However, as with
expository passages, many illustrations can be taken as argu- ments.
Such arguments are often called arguments from example.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What is an explanation? Answer: An explanation is an expression
that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon. The event
or phenomenon in question is usually accepted as a matter of fact.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What is an explanandum and explanans? Answer: The explanandum
is the statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be
explained, and the explanans is the statement or group of
statements that purports to do the explaining.
,◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
How do you distinguish explanations from arguments? Answer:
Thus, to distinguish explanations from arguments, identify the
statement that is either the explanandum or the conclusion (usually
this is the statement that precedes the word "because"). If this
statement describes an accepted matter of fact, and if the remaining
statements purport to shed light on this statement, then the passage
is an explanation.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What are conditional statements? Answer: A conditional statement
is an "if . . . then . . ." statement. They are not arguments. Every
conditional statement is made up of two component statements. The
component statement immediately following the "if" is called the
antecedent, and the one following the "then" is called the
consequent.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
How does one summarize conditional statements? Answer: The
relation between conditional statements and arguments may now be
summa- rized as follows:
1. A single conditional statement is not an argument.
,2. A conditional statement may serve as either the premise or the
conclusion (or
both) of an argument.
3. The inferential content of a conditional statement may be
reexpressed to form an argument.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What is a sufficient condition? Answer: Conditional statements are
especially important in logic (and many other fields) because they
express the relationship between necessary and sufficient
conditions. A is said to be a sufficient condition for B whenever the
occurrence of A is all that is needed for the occurrence of B.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What is a necessary condition? Answer: On the other hand, B is said
to be a necessary condition for A when- ever A cannot occur without
the occurrence of B.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
How do you decide if a passage contains an argument? Answer: In
deciding whether a passage contains an argument, you should look
, for three things: (1) indicator words such as "therefore," "since,"
"because," and so on; (2) an infer- ential relationship between the
statements; and (3) typical kinds of non-arguments. Furthermore, it
helps to mentally insert the word "therefore" before
the various statements before deciding that a statement should be
interpreted as a conclusion.
◉ 1.3 Deduction and Induction
What is a deductive argument? Answer: Stated more precisely, a
deductive argument is an argument incorporating the claim that it is
impossible for the conclusion to be false given the premises are true.
Deductive arguments are those that involve necessary reasoning.
◉ 1.3 Deduction and Induction
What is a inductive argument? Answer: On the other hand, an
inductive argument is an argument incorporating the claim that it is
improb- able that the conclusion be false given that the premises are
true. Inductive arguments involve probabilistic reasoning.
◉ 1.3 Deduction and Induction
How does one determine whether an argument is inductive or
deductive? Answer: These features include (1) the occurrence of
EDITION 2026 KEY CONCEPTS AND
ARGUMENT ANALYSIS REVISION PACK A+
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What are arguments from example? Answer: However, as with
expository passages, many illustrations can be taken as argu- ments.
Such arguments are often called arguments from example.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What is an explanation? Answer: An explanation is an expression
that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon. The event
or phenomenon in question is usually accepted as a matter of fact.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What is an explanandum and explanans? Answer: The explanandum
is the statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be
explained, and the explanans is the statement or group of
statements that purports to do the explaining.
,◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
How do you distinguish explanations from arguments? Answer:
Thus, to distinguish explanations from arguments, identify the
statement that is either the explanandum or the conclusion (usually
this is the statement that precedes the word "because"). If this
statement describes an accepted matter of fact, and if the remaining
statements purport to shed light on this statement, then the passage
is an explanation.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What are conditional statements? Answer: A conditional statement
is an "if . . . then . . ." statement. They are not arguments. Every
conditional statement is made up of two component statements. The
component statement immediately following the "if" is called the
antecedent, and the one following the "then" is called the
consequent.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
How does one summarize conditional statements? Answer: The
relation between conditional statements and arguments may now be
summa- rized as follows:
1. A single conditional statement is not an argument.
,2. A conditional statement may serve as either the premise or the
conclusion (or
both) of an argument.
3. The inferential content of a conditional statement may be
reexpressed to form an argument.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What is a sufficient condition? Answer: Conditional statements are
especially important in logic (and many other fields) because they
express the relationship between necessary and sufficient
conditions. A is said to be a sufficient condition for B whenever the
occurrence of A is all that is needed for the occurrence of B.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
What is a necessary condition? Answer: On the other hand, B is said
to be a necessary condition for A when- ever A cannot occur without
the occurrence of B.
◉ 1.2 Recognizing Arguments
How do you decide if a passage contains an argument? Answer: In
deciding whether a passage contains an argument, you should look
, for three things: (1) indicator words such as "therefore," "since,"
"because," and so on; (2) an infer- ential relationship between the
statements; and (3) typical kinds of non-arguments. Furthermore, it
helps to mentally insert the word "therefore" before
the various statements before deciding that a statement should be
interpreted as a conclusion.
◉ 1.3 Deduction and Induction
What is a deductive argument? Answer: Stated more precisely, a
deductive argument is an argument incorporating the claim that it is
impossible for the conclusion to be false given the premises are true.
Deductive arguments are those that involve necessary reasoning.
◉ 1.3 Deduction and Induction
What is a inductive argument? Answer: On the other hand, an
inductive argument is an argument incorporating the claim that it is
improb- able that the conclusion be false given that the premises are
true. Inductive arguments involve probabilistic reasoning.
◉ 1.3 Deduction and Induction
How does one determine whether an argument is inductive or
deductive? Answer: These features include (1) the occurrence of
