PATHO EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE | 165 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED| 100% RATED CORRECT | GET
A+!!
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane? - (Answer)To regulate the movement of
molecules and ions into and out of the cell.
What are the three key functions of the plasma membrane? - (Answer)Barrier function, transport
regulation, and communication.
What occurs during hypoxia? - (Answer)Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion and cellular
dysfunction, potentially resulting in cell death.
What are common causes of hypoxia? - (Answer)Ischemia, lung infections, anemia, carbon
monoxide poisoning, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell? - (Answer)It serves as the cellular control center and
contains DNA.
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)? - (Answer)It synthesizes
immunoglobulins.
,What is the mitochondria's role in the cell? - (Answer)It is known as the powerhouse of the cell,
generating ATP.
Define malignancy. - (Answer)A complex response to cellular injury involving uncontrolled
growth, invasion, and metastasis.
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis? - (Answer)Necrosis is uncontrolled cell
death with inflammation, while apoptosis is a controlled, programmed cell death without
inflammation.
What happens to a cell during ischemia? - (Answer)Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion,
cellular swelling, and more severe cell injury compared to hypoxia.
What are the effects of free radicals on cells? - (Answer)They cause loss of membrane integrity,
defective genetic repair, and damage to lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
What is cellular adaptation? - (Answer)Increased activity to maintain function, which can
become maladaptive and lead to ischemia and necrosis.
, What is atrophy? - (Answer)A decrease in cell size due to decreased use or hormonal withdrawal.
What is hypertrophy? - (Answer)An increase in cell size.
What is hyperplasia? - (Answer)An increase in cell number that is reversible.
What is metaplasia? - (Answer)The replacement of one tissue type with another.
What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell damage? - (Answer)Reversible
damage includes cellular swelling and fatty change, while irreversible damage involves
mitochondrial swelling and loss of membrane integrity.
What determines sex differentiation in fetal development? - (Answer)The presence of the Y
chromosome leads to male development, while its absence results in female development.
What are secondary sex characteristics? - (Answer)Features that develop at puberty influenced
by hormones, such as body hair and breast development.
ANSWERS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED| 100% RATED CORRECT | GET
A+!!
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane? - (Answer)To regulate the movement of
molecules and ions into and out of the cell.
What are the three key functions of the plasma membrane? - (Answer)Barrier function, transport
regulation, and communication.
What occurs during hypoxia? - (Answer)Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion and cellular
dysfunction, potentially resulting in cell death.
What are common causes of hypoxia? - (Answer)Ischemia, lung infections, anemia, carbon
monoxide poisoning, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell? - (Answer)It serves as the cellular control center and
contains DNA.
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)? - (Answer)It synthesizes
immunoglobulins.
,What is the mitochondria's role in the cell? - (Answer)It is known as the powerhouse of the cell,
generating ATP.
Define malignancy. - (Answer)A complex response to cellular injury involving uncontrolled
growth, invasion, and metastasis.
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis? - (Answer)Necrosis is uncontrolled cell
death with inflammation, while apoptosis is a controlled, programmed cell death without
inflammation.
What happens to a cell during ischemia? - (Answer)Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion,
cellular swelling, and more severe cell injury compared to hypoxia.
What are the effects of free radicals on cells? - (Answer)They cause loss of membrane integrity,
defective genetic repair, and damage to lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
What is cellular adaptation? - (Answer)Increased activity to maintain function, which can
become maladaptive and lead to ischemia and necrosis.
, What is atrophy? - (Answer)A decrease in cell size due to decreased use or hormonal withdrawal.
What is hypertrophy? - (Answer)An increase in cell size.
What is hyperplasia? - (Answer)An increase in cell number that is reversible.
What is metaplasia? - (Answer)The replacement of one tissue type with another.
What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell damage? - (Answer)Reversible
damage includes cellular swelling and fatty change, while irreversible damage involves
mitochondrial swelling and loss of membrane integrity.
What determines sex differentiation in fetal development? - (Answer)The presence of the Y
chromosome leads to male development, while its absence results in female development.
What are secondary sex characteristics? - (Answer)Features that develop at puberty influenced
by hormones, such as body hair and breast development.
