Solution Manual for Biological Science 6th Edition by
Freeman Quillin Allison Black Taylor Podgorski
Carmichae
CHAPTER Water and Carbon: The Chemical
2 Basis of Life
Learning Objectives: Students should be able to...
g; g; g; g; g; g;
• Describe g;the g;structure g;of g;an g;atom g;and g;the g;role g;of g;electrons g;in g;forming g;bonds g;and
g;interac- g;tions g;between g;atoms g;that g;form g;molecules.
• Explain g;how g;the g;structure g;of g;water g;molecules g;relates g;to g;water’s g;unusual
g;properties g;and g;to g;its g;importance g;to g;life.
• Define g;a g;chemical g;reaction g;and g;the g;role g;of g;energy g;and g;entropy g;in g;determining g;if g;a
g;reaction g;will g;be g;spontaneous g;or g;not.
• Describe g;the g;chemical g;evolution g;theory g;and g;evaluate g;the g;two g;models
g;proposed g;to g;explain g;the g;process g;component.
• Describe g;the g;six g;major g;functional g;groups g;attached g;to g;carbon g;atoms, g;their g;structural
g;formu- g;las, g;and g;their g;basic g;characteristics.
Lecture Outline
g;
• Scientific g;explanation g;of g;how g;life g;on g;Earth g;began:
1. Pattern g;component—Both g;small g;molecules g;and g;complex g;carbon-containing
g;molecules g;are g;required g;for g;life.
2. Process g;component—Simple g;chemical g;compounds g;combined g;to g;make g;more
g;complex g;chemicals g;and g;compounds g;that g;eventually g;led g;to g;the g;first g;life-form
g;(evolution).
3. This g;entity g;became g;the g;first g;life-form g;from g;which g;all g;life g;has g;descended.
• Switch g;from g;chemical g;evolution g;to g;biological g;evolution, g;which g;is g;governed g;by
g;natural g;selection.
,I. Atoms, g;Ions, g;and g;Molecules: g;The g;Building g;Blocks g;of g;Chemical g;Evolution
, A. Four g;atoms g;make g;up g;96 g;percent g;of g;every g;organism:
1. Carbon, g;hydrogen, g;oxygen, g;and g;nitrogen
2. Physical g;structure g;of g;these g;atoms g;(C, g;H, g;O, g;and g;N) g;affects g;the g;function
g;of g;the g;molecules g;that g;they g;form.
3. Small g;molecules g;formed g;(water, g;carbon g;dioxide, g;etc.) g;are g;building
g;blocks g;for g;more g;complex g;structures g;required g;for g;chemical g;evolution g;and,
g;ultimately, g;life.
B. Basic g;atomic g;structure
1. Structure g;of g;an g;atom g;(Fig. g;2.1a)
a. Nucleus
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Full g;download g;all g;chapters g;instantly g;please g;go g;to g;Solutions g;Manual, g;Test g;Bank g;site: g;testbanklive.com
, (1) Protons: g;large, g;in g;nucleus, g;positive g;charge
(i) The g;number g;of g;protons g;gives g;an g;atom g;its g;chemical g;identity.
(ii) Number g;of g;protons g;does g;not g;vary g;= g;atomic g;number. g;(Fig. g;2.2)
(2) Neutrons: g;large, g;in g;nucleus, g;no g;charge
(i) The g;number g;of g;neutrons g;does g;not g;affect g;the g;atom’s g;chemical
g;identity g;but g;affects g;its g;mass.
(ii) Number g ; of g;neutrons g;can g;vary g;in g;an g;element, g;and g;these g;are g;called
14
g ; isotopes. g;(Example: g; C g;has g;6 g;protons g;and g;8 g;neutrons g;and g;is
14
g;considered g ; an g;unstable g;isotope g;that g;decays g;into g; N g;when g;one
g;neutron g;decays g;to g;a g;proton g;making g;7 g;protons g;and g;7 g;neutrons.)
(iii) Number g;of g;protons g;+ g;number g;of g;neutrons g;= g;atomic g;mass
g;(based g;on g;average g;of g;all g;naturally g;occurring g;isotopes g;of g;an
g;atom).
b. Orbitals
(1) Electrons: g;travel g;in g;orbital, g;have g;negligible g;mass g;and g;a g;negative g;charge
(2) Most g;of g;an g;atom’s g;volume g;is g;empty g;space g;found g;in g;the g;orbitals.
(3) Atoms g;that g;have g;the g;same g;number g;of g;electrons g;as g;protons
g;have g;no g;charge g;(electrically g;neutral).
2. Measuring g;mass g;of g;electrons, g;protons, g;and g;neutrons
a. Dalton—mass g;of g;one g;proton g;or g;one g;neutron g;equals g;approximately
g;one g;Dalton; g;electrons g;are g;so g;small g;they g;are g;considered g;to g;have
g;no g;mass.
b. Carbon g;has g;6 g;protons g;and g;6 g;neutrons g;and g;an g;atomic g;mass g;of g;≈12 g;daltons g;(12C).
c. If g;carbon g;had g;6 g;protons g;and g;7 g;neutrons, g;it g;would g;have g;an g;atomic g;mass
13
g;of g;13 g;( C); g;12C g;and g;13C g;are g;isotopes.
3. Movement g;of g;electrons g;around g;the g;nucleus g;of g;an g;atom
a. Electrons g;move g;around g;the g;nucleus g;in g;orbitals.
b. Each g;orbital g;has g;two g;electrons.
c. Orbitals g;are g;organized g;into g;shells g;numbered g;1, g;2, g;3, g;etc.
d. Orbitals g;are g;more g;distant g;from g;the g;nucleus g;as g;the g;shell g;number g;increases.
e. Each g;shell g;has g;a g;specific g;number g;of g;orbitals g;(a g;shell g;with g;one g;orbital
g;can g;thus g;hold g;two g;electrons, g;while g;a g;shell g;with g;four g;orbitals g;can g;hold
g;eight g;electrons).
f. Electrons g;fill g;the g;shells g;closest g;to g;the g;nucleus g;first g;before g;filling g;any g;outer g;shells.
4. The g;outermost g;shell g;is g;called g;the g;valence g;shell g;and g;contains g;valence g;electrons.
a. Electrons g;in g;the g;outermost g;shell g;of g;the g;highlighted g;atoms g;in g;Figure g;2.3
g;have g;unpaired g;electrons g;(at g;least g;one) g;in g;their g;valence g;shell.
b. Number g;of g;unpaired g;electrons g;= g;atom’s g;valence. g;(Example: g;Carbon g;has g;four
g;valence g;electrons.)
c. An g;atom g;is g;most g;stable g;when g;its g;valence g;shell g;is g;filled g;with g;electrons.
d. Filling g;outer g;shells g;can g;be g;accomplished g;by g;formation g;of g;chemical g;bonds g;that
g;bind g;atoms g;together.
e. Sharing g;electrons g;between g;atoms g;results g;in g;the g;formation g;of g;a g;covalent g;bond.
Freeman Quillin Allison Black Taylor Podgorski
Carmichae
CHAPTER Water and Carbon: The Chemical
2 Basis of Life
Learning Objectives: Students should be able to...
g; g; g; g; g; g;
• Describe g;the g;structure g;of g;an g;atom g;and g;the g;role g;of g;electrons g;in g;forming g;bonds g;and
g;interac- g;tions g;between g;atoms g;that g;form g;molecules.
• Explain g;how g;the g;structure g;of g;water g;molecules g;relates g;to g;water’s g;unusual
g;properties g;and g;to g;its g;importance g;to g;life.
• Define g;a g;chemical g;reaction g;and g;the g;role g;of g;energy g;and g;entropy g;in g;determining g;if g;a
g;reaction g;will g;be g;spontaneous g;or g;not.
• Describe g;the g;chemical g;evolution g;theory g;and g;evaluate g;the g;two g;models
g;proposed g;to g;explain g;the g;process g;component.
• Describe g;the g;six g;major g;functional g;groups g;attached g;to g;carbon g;atoms, g;their g;structural
g;formu- g;las, g;and g;their g;basic g;characteristics.
Lecture Outline
g;
• Scientific g;explanation g;of g;how g;life g;on g;Earth g;began:
1. Pattern g;component—Both g;small g;molecules g;and g;complex g;carbon-containing
g;molecules g;are g;required g;for g;life.
2. Process g;component—Simple g;chemical g;compounds g;combined g;to g;make g;more
g;complex g;chemicals g;and g;compounds g;that g;eventually g;led g;to g;the g;first g;life-form
g;(evolution).
3. This g;entity g;became g;the g;first g;life-form g;from g;which g;all g;life g;has g;descended.
• Switch g;from g;chemical g;evolution g;to g;biological g;evolution, g;which g;is g;governed g;by
g;natural g;selection.
,I. Atoms, g;Ions, g;and g;Molecules: g;The g;Building g;Blocks g;of g;Chemical g;Evolution
, A. Four g;atoms g;make g;up g;96 g;percent g;of g;every g;organism:
1. Carbon, g;hydrogen, g;oxygen, g;and g;nitrogen
2. Physical g;structure g;of g;these g;atoms g;(C, g;H, g;O, g;and g;N) g;affects g;the g;function
g;of g;the g;molecules g;that g;they g;form.
3. Small g;molecules g;formed g;(water, g;carbon g;dioxide, g;etc.) g;are g;building
g;blocks g;for g;more g;complex g;structures g;required g;for g;chemical g;evolution g;and,
g;ultimately, g;life.
B. Basic g;atomic g;structure
1. Structure g;of g;an g;atom g;(Fig. g;2.1a)
a. Nucleus
Copyright g;© g;2017 g;Pearson g;Education, g;Inc. 9
Full g;download g;all g;chapters g;instantly g;please g;go g;to g;Solutions g;Manual, g;Test g;Bank g;site: g;testbanklive.com
, (1) Protons: g;large, g;in g;nucleus, g;positive g;charge
(i) The g;number g;of g;protons g;gives g;an g;atom g;its g;chemical g;identity.
(ii) Number g;of g;protons g;does g;not g;vary g;= g;atomic g;number. g;(Fig. g;2.2)
(2) Neutrons: g;large, g;in g;nucleus, g;no g;charge
(i) The g;number g;of g;neutrons g;does g;not g;affect g;the g;atom’s g;chemical
g;identity g;but g;affects g;its g;mass.
(ii) Number g ; of g;neutrons g;can g;vary g;in g;an g;element, g;and g;these g;are g;called
14
g ; isotopes. g;(Example: g; C g;has g;6 g;protons g;and g;8 g;neutrons g;and g;is
14
g;considered g ; an g;unstable g;isotope g;that g;decays g;into g; N g;when g;one
g;neutron g;decays g;to g;a g;proton g;making g;7 g;protons g;and g;7 g;neutrons.)
(iii) Number g;of g;protons g;+ g;number g;of g;neutrons g;= g;atomic g;mass
g;(based g;on g;average g;of g;all g;naturally g;occurring g;isotopes g;of g;an
g;atom).
b. Orbitals
(1) Electrons: g;travel g;in g;orbital, g;have g;negligible g;mass g;and g;a g;negative g;charge
(2) Most g;of g;an g;atom’s g;volume g;is g;empty g;space g;found g;in g;the g;orbitals.
(3) Atoms g;that g;have g;the g;same g;number g;of g;electrons g;as g;protons
g;have g;no g;charge g;(electrically g;neutral).
2. Measuring g;mass g;of g;electrons, g;protons, g;and g;neutrons
a. Dalton—mass g;of g;one g;proton g;or g;one g;neutron g;equals g;approximately
g;one g;Dalton; g;electrons g;are g;so g;small g;they g;are g;considered g;to g;have
g;no g;mass.
b. Carbon g;has g;6 g;protons g;and g;6 g;neutrons g;and g;an g;atomic g;mass g;of g;≈12 g;daltons g;(12C).
c. If g;carbon g;had g;6 g;protons g;and g;7 g;neutrons, g;it g;would g;have g;an g;atomic g;mass
13
g;of g;13 g;( C); g;12C g;and g;13C g;are g;isotopes.
3. Movement g;of g;electrons g;around g;the g;nucleus g;of g;an g;atom
a. Electrons g;move g;around g;the g;nucleus g;in g;orbitals.
b. Each g;orbital g;has g;two g;electrons.
c. Orbitals g;are g;organized g;into g;shells g;numbered g;1, g;2, g;3, g;etc.
d. Orbitals g;are g;more g;distant g;from g;the g;nucleus g;as g;the g;shell g;number g;increases.
e. Each g;shell g;has g;a g;specific g;number g;of g;orbitals g;(a g;shell g;with g;one g;orbital
g;can g;thus g;hold g;two g;electrons, g;while g;a g;shell g;with g;four g;orbitals g;can g;hold
g;eight g;electrons).
f. Electrons g;fill g;the g;shells g;closest g;to g;the g;nucleus g;first g;before g;filling g;any g;outer g;shells.
4. The g;outermost g;shell g;is g;called g;the g;valence g;shell g;and g;contains g;valence g;electrons.
a. Electrons g;in g;the g;outermost g;shell g;of g;the g;highlighted g;atoms g;in g;Figure g;2.3
g;have g;unpaired g;electrons g;(at g;least g;one) g;in g;their g;valence g;shell.
b. Number g;of g;unpaired g;electrons g;= g;atom’s g;valence. g;(Example: g;Carbon g;has g;four
g;valence g;electrons.)
c. An g;atom g;is g;most g;stable g;when g;its g;valence g;shell g;is g;filled g;with g;electrons.
d. Filling g;outer g;shells g;can g;be g;accomplished g;by g;formation g;of g;chemical g;bonds g;that
g;bind g;atoms g;together.
e. Sharing g;electrons g;between g;atoms g;results g;in g;the g;formation g;of g;a g;covalent g;bond.
