PRASHANT KIRAD
Carbon And Its Compound
Allotropes: the various physical forms in which an element can exist.
Carbon: Carbon is the 15th most abundant in the earth's
crust.
Atomic number : 6. DIAMOND GRAPHITE FULLURENCE
Valency : 4
Atomic mass :12u. no. of protons = no. of
3D network, each
neutrons = 6 Layers of hexagons Hollow, cage-like
shell -KL carbon bonds with
held by weak forces with 60 carbons;
No. of electrons- 2 4 elctronic arrangment four others; very
soft and slippery soccer ball shape.
hard.
Covalent bond
chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form Four strong
Three covalent bonds Strong covalent
electron pairs between atoms. covalent bonds per
per carbon, with bonds in hexagons
Three types of covalent bonding carbon; highly
delocalized electrons. and pentagons.
stable.
Single Covalent Bond Double Covalent Bond Triple Covalent
Hard, transparent,
Properties of Covalent Compounds: Bond
high refractive Unique electronic
Low melting/boiling points due to weaker intermolecular forces Soft, used in pencils properties; used in
index; jewelry,
compared to ionic compounds. and lubricants. nanotech, drugs.
abrasives.
- Physical state can be solid, liquid, or gas.
- Poor conductors of electricity as they lack charged particles. HYDROCARBON
- Generally soluble in organic solvents, insoluble in water (exception:
sugar in water).
Catenation: Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with itself, creating
chains, branches, or rings. Aliphatic
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Polymerisation: Small molecules (monomers) join to form large
molecules (polymers). Unsaturated
Saturated
Isomerism: Compounds with the same molecular formula but
different structures. ALKANES ALKENE ALKYNES
Tetravalency of Carbon: Carbon has four valence electrons, forming Single bond
Double bond Triple bond
four covalent bonds instead of gaining or losing electrons, ensuring
stability and diverse organic compounds.
ALKANES ALKENE Functional groups:
In hydrocarbons, hydrogen atoms can be replaced by
heteroatoms (e.g., Cl, S, N, O), forming functional groups that
determine the compound’s reactivity and properties.
Rules for Naming Compounds with Functional Groups
Common Functional Groups & Their Formulae:
Alcohol (-OH) → Ends in -ol (e.g., Ethanol)
Aldehyde (-CHO) → Ends in -al (e.g., Ethanal)
Ketone (-CO-) → Ends in -one (e.g., Propanone)
Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) → Ends in -oic acid (e.g., Ethanoic acid)
Amine (-NH₂) → Ends in -amine or starts with Amino-
Naming Rules:
Identify the longest carbon chain.
Three types of Hydrocarbons
Number the chain to give the functional group the lowest possible
Straight chain : Each carbon atom is
number.
bonded to either one or two other
Functional groups have priority over alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
carbon atom
Use suffix or prefix based on the functional group.
Branched chain: Each carbon atom is
If multiple groups are present, the most important one gets the
bonded to one, two, or more than two
suffix.
other carbon atoms
ALKYNES Priority Order (Highest to Lowest):
Cyclic Hydrocarbon: Carbon atoms form a closed ring -COOH > -CHO > -CO- > -OH > -NH₂
structure. e.g. Cyclohexane (C₆H₁₂), Benzene (C₆H₆). Homologous series:
a collection of compounds with the same general formula that
COMMON NOMENCLATURE: They are named after their sources of
differ only in the carbon chain length.
isolation. Formic acid derives from "Formectus," meaning red ant, and
-Homologues share the same general formula.
acetic acid from "Acetum," meaning vinegar.
- Differ by a –CH₂ group; molecular mass difference is 14 µ.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), - Similar chemical properties.
founded in 1919, establishes standardized naming rules in - Gradual change in physical properties.
chemistry - Functional group influences properties.
Isomerism Compounds with identical molecular formula but
different structures.
NAME THESE
Carbon And Its Compound
Allotropes: the various physical forms in which an element can exist.
Carbon: Carbon is the 15th most abundant in the earth's
crust.
Atomic number : 6. DIAMOND GRAPHITE FULLURENCE
Valency : 4
Atomic mass :12u. no. of protons = no. of
3D network, each
neutrons = 6 Layers of hexagons Hollow, cage-like
shell -KL carbon bonds with
held by weak forces with 60 carbons;
No. of electrons- 2 4 elctronic arrangment four others; very
soft and slippery soccer ball shape.
hard.
Covalent bond
chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form Four strong
Three covalent bonds Strong covalent
electron pairs between atoms. covalent bonds per
per carbon, with bonds in hexagons
Three types of covalent bonding carbon; highly
delocalized electrons. and pentagons.
stable.
Single Covalent Bond Double Covalent Bond Triple Covalent
Hard, transparent,
Properties of Covalent Compounds: Bond
high refractive Unique electronic
Low melting/boiling points due to weaker intermolecular forces Soft, used in pencils properties; used in
index; jewelry,
compared to ionic compounds. and lubricants. nanotech, drugs.
abrasives.
- Physical state can be solid, liquid, or gas.
- Poor conductors of electricity as they lack charged particles. HYDROCARBON
- Generally soluble in organic solvents, insoluble in water (exception:
sugar in water).
Catenation: Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with itself, creating
chains, branches, or rings. Aliphatic
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Polymerisation: Small molecules (monomers) join to form large
molecules (polymers). Unsaturated
Saturated
Isomerism: Compounds with the same molecular formula but
different structures. ALKANES ALKENE ALKYNES
Tetravalency of Carbon: Carbon has four valence electrons, forming Single bond
Double bond Triple bond
four covalent bonds instead of gaining or losing electrons, ensuring
stability and diverse organic compounds.
ALKANES ALKENE Functional groups:
In hydrocarbons, hydrogen atoms can be replaced by
heteroatoms (e.g., Cl, S, N, O), forming functional groups that
determine the compound’s reactivity and properties.
Rules for Naming Compounds with Functional Groups
Common Functional Groups & Their Formulae:
Alcohol (-OH) → Ends in -ol (e.g., Ethanol)
Aldehyde (-CHO) → Ends in -al (e.g., Ethanal)
Ketone (-CO-) → Ends in -one (e.g., Propanone)
Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) → Ends in -oic acid (e.g., Ethanoic acid)
Amine (-NH₂) → Ends in -amine or starts with Amino-
Naming Rules:
Identify the longest carbon chain.
Three types of Hydrocarbons
Number the chain to give the functional group the lowest possible
Straight chain : Each carbon atom is
number.
bonded to either one or two other
Functional groups have priority over alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
carbon atom
Use suffix or prefix based on the functional group.
Branched chain: Each carbon atom is
If multiple groups are present, the most important one gets the
bonded to one, two, or more than two
suffix.
other carbon atoms
ALKYNES Priority Order (Highest to Lowest):
Cyclic Hydrocarbon: Carbon atoms form a closed ring -COOH > -CHO > -CO- > -OH > -NH₂
structure. e.g. Cyclohexane (C₆H₁₂), Benzene (C₆H₆). Homologous series:
a collection of compounds with the same general formula that
COMMON NOMENCLATURE: They are named after their sources of
differ only in the carbon chain length.
isolation. Formic acid derives from "Formectus," meaning red ant, and
-Homologues share the same general formula.
acetic acid from "Acetum," meaning vinegar.
- Differ by a –CH₂ group; molecular mass difference is 14 µ.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), - Similar chemical properties.
founded in 1919, establishes standardized naming rules in - Gradual change in physical properties.
chemistry - Functional group influences properties.
Isomerism Compounds with identical molecular formula but
different structures.
NAME THESE
