COMPLETE REAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE VERIFIED
SOLUTION GUIDE (A+ GRADED 100% CORRECT ) 2026-2027
NEWEST VERSION!!
Action Research
research focused on solving local, immediate issues/problems practitioners
face
Orientational Research
research focused on reducing inequality and giving a voice to the
disadvantaged
Applied Research
research focused on providing immediate solutions to practical, real-world
questions/issues
Types of Assessment
Formative and Summative
,Formative Assessment
assessment focused on program improvement
Summative Assessment
assessment focused on program effectiveness and continuation
Varieties of Assessment
Needs Assessment, Theory Assessment, Implementation Assessment, Impact
Assessment, and Efficiency Assessment
Needs Assessment
assessment evaluating if there is a need for the particular type of program
under examination
Theory Assessment
assessment evaluating if the program under examination is conceptualized in
a way that it should be successful
Implementation Assessment
assessment evaluating if the program under examination was implemented
properly and according to the program's plan
,Impact Assessment
assessment evaluating if the program under examination had an impact on
the targeted participants
Efficiency Assessment
assessment evaluating if the program under examination is cost effective
Epistemology
the theory of knowledge and its justification
Sources of Knowledge
Experience and Reasoning
Empiricism
the belief that all knowledge comes from experience
Empirical Statement
a statement based on observation, experiment, or experience; statement
capable of being verified based on the same methods that led to its
creation
Rationalism
the idea that the primary source of knowledge is reason
, Types of Reasoning
Deductive and Inductive
Deductive Reasoning
drawing a conclusion that is true if the underlying premises are true;
basing a specific statement on general statements; moving from
general to specific
Inductive Reasoning
conclusions based on specific facts; what is probably true, but not necessarily
true; moving from specific to general
Probabilistic Reasoning
reasoning that states what is likely to occur, but not necessarily what will
occur
Science
an approach to knowledge generation that holds empirical data in high regard
and follows certain norms/practices
Dynamics of Science
1) Science is broadly progressive, 2) Science is compelling, 3) Science is
critical, 4) Science is never-ending