ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-
UTMB 5355 EXAM #1 EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Transcription - ANS synthesis of RNA from DNA
Transcription results in - ANS mRNA
RNA polymerase makes - ANS mRNA
mRNA - ANS makes proteins
RNA polymerase - ANS binds to DNA
Transcription factors (TFs) - ANS A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects
transcription of specific genes. Can wither activate or repress expression of genes
Termination of transcription - ANS RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence (Stop
codon) and detaches from the template
Translation - ANS Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced. Protein
assembly
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,Translation takes place in the - ANS cytoplasm
Codon - ANS A specific sequence of three bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides
genetic code information for a amino acid
Amino acids are - ANS building blocks of proteins
tRNA - ANS An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and
protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in
the mRNA
Codons allow - ANS for DNA and RNA to communicate
Gene Regulation - ANS the process of turning genes on and off
Gene Regulation occurs - ANS during transcription
Transcription factors (TFs) determine - ANS amount of protein product made
Nucleotide - ANS DNA subunit; 1 DNA, 1 phosphate, 1 nitrogenous base
Mutation - ANS permanent change in a DNA /RNA sequence that affects genetic information
germline mutation - ANS happens in germ cells, inheritable, in all cells
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,somatic mutation - ANS A mutation that occurs in the body cells from spontaneous
development. Cannot be inherited. Acquired
causes of mutations - ANS • Incorrect copying of the DNA sequence/
Environmental
•Exposure
•Spontaneous
silent mutation - ANS alters a base but does not change the amino acid
DNA is - ANS master blueprint for human being
Gene - ANS the basic unit of inheritance
DNA makes - ANS proteins
Chromosomes - ANS threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
23 pairs of - ANS chromosomes
Allele - ANS variant of a gene
A cell holds how many alleles of each gene? - ANS 2, one from mom and one from dad
Phenotype - ANS An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. Affected by
environment
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, Genotype - ANS genetic makeup of an organism
locus - ANS Location of a gene on a chromosome
Homozygous - ANS An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous - ANS An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Recessive - ANS trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
Dominant - ANS An allele that is always expressed
Carrier - ANS A person whose genotype includes a gene with disease that is not expressed in
the phenotype.
Expresstivity - ANS the degree to which a particular genotype is expressed in the phenotype
Spontaneous mutations are - ANS mutation that occurs within the body cells and NOT the
germline cells, caused by errors in DNA
Mutagen - ANS chemical or physical agents in the environment that increases frequency of
mutations
Radiation is an example of what: - ANS a mutagen
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 4 OF 32
UTMB 5355 EXAM #1 EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
Transcription - ANS synthesis of RNA from DNA
Transcription results in - ANS mRNA
RNA polymerase makes - ANS mRNA
mRNA - ANS makes proteins
RNA polymerase - ANS binds to DNA
Transcription factors (TFs) - ANS A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects
transcription of specific genes. Can wither activate or repress expression of genes
Termination of transcription - ANS RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence (Stop
codon) and detaches from the template
Translation - ANS Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced. Protein
assembly
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 32
,Translation takes place in the - ANS cytoplasm
Codon - ANS A specific sequence of three bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides
genetic code information for a amino acid
Amino acids are - ANS building blocks of proteins
tRNA - ANS An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and
protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in
the mRNA
Codons allow - ANS for DNA and RNA to communicate
Gene Regulation - ANS the process of turning genes on and off
Gene Regulation occurs - ANS during transcription
Transcription factors (TFs) determine - ANS amount of protein product made
Nucleotide - ANS DNA subunit; 1 DNA, 1 phosphate, 1 nitrogenous base
Mutation - ANS permanent change in a DNA /RNA sequence that affects genetic information
germline mutation - ANS happens in germ cells, inheritable, in all cells
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 32
,somatic mutation - ANS A mutation that occurs in the body cells from spontaneous
development. Cannot be inherited. Acquired
causes of mutations - ANS • Incorrect copying of the DNA sequence/
Environmental
•Exposure
•Spontaneous
silent mutation - ANS alters a base but does not change the amino acid
DNA is - ANS master blueprint for human being
Gene - ANS the basic unit of inheritance
DNA makes - ANS proteins
Chromosomes - ANS threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
23 pairs of - ANS chromosomes
Allele - ANS variant of a gene
A cell holds how many alleles of each gene? - ANS 2, one from mom and one from dad
Phenotype - ANS An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. Affected by
environment
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 32
, Genotype - ANS genetic makeup of an organism
locus - ANS Location of a gene on a chromosome
Homozygous - ANS An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Heterozygous - ANS An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Recessive - ANS trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
Dominant - ANS An allele that is always expressed
Carrier - ANS A person whose genotype includes a gene with disease that is not expressed in
the phenotype.
Expresstivity - ANS the degree to which a particular genotype is expressed in the phenotype
Spontaneous mutations are - ANS mutation that occurs within the body cells and NOT the
germline cells, caused by errors in DNA
Mutagen - ANS chemical or physical agents in the environment that increases frequency of
mutations
Radiation is an example of what: - ANS a mutagen
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 4 OF 32
