Chapter 1
MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
Matter
Matter is anything that occupies space has mass and can be perceived by out
senses. In other words <Matter is used to cover all the substances and the materials
from which the universe is made. Everything in this universe is made up of
material which scientists have named <matter=.
Examples:
The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, stars, plants and animals, even
a small drop of water or a particle of sand– each thing is matter
Panch Tatva
In early times, human beings have been trying to understand their surroundings.
Early Indian philosophers classified matter in the form of five basic elements – the
“Panch Tatva=– air, earth, fire, sky and water.
According to them everything, living or nonliving, was made up of these five basic
elements.
Modern day scientists have evolved two types of classification of matter based on
their physical properties and chemical nature.
Physical Nature of Matter
Matter is made up of particles
All matter comprises of very small particles.
All matter can be broken up in a similar manner to get very small particles.
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, Size of these particles is order of 10 -8m to 10-10m. It cannot be seen with naked
eyes.
Hence we now conclude that all matter is made up of small particles.
Properties of matter
All matter consists of small particles of matter. These particles have some common
characteristics. These characteristics are laid down in a theory called Kinetic
Theory of Matter. The Kinetic Theory of Matter States
A. All matter comprises of small particles.
B. These particles have space in between them.
C. The particles are continuously moving.
D. The particles attract each other.
A. Particles of matter have space between them
1. Matter is made up of small particles.
2. These particles have small spaces between them.
3. These spaces are invisible to the naked eye.
4. But particles of other matter can get /trap between these spaces without
increase in volume.
B. Particles of matter are continuously moving
Particles present in matter move continuously.
The particles of matter shown three types of motion.
1. Translatory Motion – When particles move in straight lines, changing
direction without loss of energy on colliding with another particle or the wall of
the container, the motion is called translatory motion. Translatory motion is
maximum in gases and the least in solids when compared to liquids.
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, 2. Rotational Motion – When particles move around their own axis, the motion is
called rotational motion. This motion is similar to the rotation of earth around
its axis. Rotational motion will be high in gases and in liquids.
3. Vibrational Motion – When particles have a to and fro motion about a mean
position, the motion is called Vibrational motion. This motion is maximum in
solids as the particles are held in a rigid structure.
C. Particles of matter attract each other
1. The force with which particles attract to each other varies from matter to matter.
2. In some kinds of matter (waste paper, matchstick) the attraction force is small
(as we can tear or break them easily).
3. In other kinds of mater (iron nail) the attraction force is large (as we cannot
break the nail easily).
4. This attraction force keeps the particles together.
5. The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to
another.
Diffusion
<The mixing and spreading out of a substance with another substance due to
the movement or motion of its particles is called diffusion.= The diffusion of
one substance into another substance goes on until a uniform mixture is formed.
Diffusion in gases
Diffusion in gases is very fast. This is because the particles in gases move very
quickly in all directions.
Examples – 1
1. The smell of food being cooked in the kitchen reaches us even from a
considerable distance.
2. The smell of hot sizzling food reaches us even when we are at a considerable
distance but to get the smell of cold food, we have to go close to it.
3. This is due to the fact that the rate of diffusion of hot gases (released by the hot
sizzling food) is much faster than the rate of cold gases released by the cold
food.
Example –2
1. When someone opens a bottle of perfume in one corner of a room, its smell
spreads in the whole room quickly.
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MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
Matter
Matter is anything that occupies space has mass and can be perceived by out
senses. In other words <Matter is used to cover all the substances and the materials
from which the universe is made. Everything in this universe is made up of
material which scientists have named <matter=.
Examples:
The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, stars, plants and animals, even
a small drop of water or a particle of sand– each thing is matter
Panch Tatva
In early times, human beings have been trying to understand their surroundings.
Early Indian philosophers classified matter in the form of five basic elements – the
“Panch Tatva=– air, earth, fire, sky and water.
According to them everything, living or nonliving, was made up of these five basic
elements.
Modern day scientists have evolved two types of classification of matter based on
their physical properties and chemical nature.
Physical Nature of Matter
Matter is made up of particles
All matter comprises of very small particles.
All matter can be broken up in a similar manner to get very small particles.
CLICK HERE TO BUY LATEST EDUCART BOOKS ON AMAZON - https://amzn.to/4n3AKay
, Size of these particles is order of 10 -8m to 10-10m. It cannot be seen with naked
eyes.
Hence we now conclude that all matter is made up of small particles.
Properties of matter
All matter consists of small particles of matter. These particles have some common
characteristics. These characteristics are laid down in a theory called Kinetic
Theory of Matter. The Kinetic Theory of Matter States
A. All matter comprises of small particles.
B. These particles have space in between them.
C. The particles are continuously moving.
D. The particles attract each other.
A. Particles of matter have space between them
1. Matter is made up of small particles.
2. These particles have small spaces between them.
3. These spaces are invisible to the naked eye.
4. But particles of other matter can get /trap between these spaces without
increase in volume.
B. Particles of matter are continuously moving
Particles present in matter move continuously.
The particles of matter shown three types of motion.
1. Translatory Motion – When particles move in straight lines, changing
direction without loss of energy on colliding with another particle or the wall of
the container, the motion is called translatory motion. Translatory motion is
maximum in gases and the least in solids when compared to liquids.
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, 2. Rotational Motion – When particles move around their own axis, the motion is
called rotational motion. This motion is similar to the rotation of earth around
its axis. Rotational motion will be high in gases and in liquids.
3. Vibrational Motion – When particles have a to and fro motion about a mean
position, the motion is called Vibrational motion. This motion is maximum in
solids as the particles are held in a rigid structure.
C. Particles of matter attract each other
1. The force with which particles attract to each other varies from matter to matter.
2. In some kinds of matter (waste paper, matchstick) the attraction force is small
(as we can tear or break them easily).
3. In other kinds of mater (iron nail) the attraction force is large (as we cannot
break the nail easily).
4. This attraction force keeps the particles together.
5. The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to
another.
Diffusion
<The mixing and spreading out of a substance with another substance due to
the movement or motion of its particles is called diffusion.= The diffusion of
one substance into another substance goes on until a uniform mixture is formed.
Diffusion in gases
Diffusion in gases is very fast. This is because the particles in gases move very
quickly in all directions.
Examples – 1
1. The smell of food being cooked in the kitchen reaches us even from a
considerable distance.
2. The smell of hot sizzling food reaches us even when we are at a considerable
distance but to get the smell of cold food, we have to go close to it.
3. This is due to the fact that the rate of diffusion of hot gases (released by the hot
sizzling food) is much faster than the rate of cold gases released by the cold
food.
Example –2
1. When someone opens a bottle of perfume in one corner of a room, its smell
spreads in the whole room quickly.
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