Answers 2026 Updated.
Effiency - Answer the means of attaining the organization's goals
To be efficient means to use the resources-people, money raw materials, and the like- wisely
and cost-effectively
Effectiveness - Answer the ends, regards the organization's ends, the goals
To be effective means to achieve results, to make the right decisions, and to successfully carry
them out so that they achieve the organizations goals
The Four Principle Functions of Managers - Answer Planning: Set goals and decide how to
achieve them
Organizing: arrange tasks, people and other resources to accomplish work
Leading: motivate, direct, and otherwise influence people to work hard and achieve the
organizations goals
Controlling: monitor performance, compare it with goals and take corrective action as needed
Challenges to being an exceptional manager - Answer 1. Managing for competitive
advantage
2. Managing for information technology
3. Managing for diversity
4. Managing for globalization
5. Managing for ethical standards
6. Managing for sustainability
7. Managing for happiness and meaningfulness
Four Levels of Management - Answer Top Managers: long-term decisions about overall
direction of the organization
Middle Managers: implement the policies of top managers and supervise activities, "high touch"
jobs
, First Line Managers: short term operating decisions; directing the daily tasks of non manager
personnel
Team leaders: responsible for facilitating team activities toward achieving key results
Skills Exceptional Managers Need - Answer Technical skills - consist of job-specific knowledge
needed to perform well in a specialized field
Conceptual skills - consist of ability to think analytically, to visualize an organization as a whole
and understand how the parts work together
Human skills - consists of the ability to work well in cooperation with other people to get things
done
o Soft skills - ability to motivate, to inspire trust, to communicate
with others
Most Valued Traits
o Ability to motivate and engage others
o Ability to communicate
o Work experience outside the US
o High energy levels to meet demands of global travel and 24/7
world
Two Overarching Perspectives about Management - Answer Historical Perspective (1911-
1950s)
o Classical (1911-1947) -eEmphasis on ways to manage more efficiently
o Behavioral Viewpoint (1913-1950s) - emphasis on importance of understanding human
behavior and motivating and encouraging employees toward achievement
o Quantitative Viewpoint (1940-1950s) - applies quantitative technology to management
The Contemporary Perspective (1960s-Present)
o The Systems Viewpoint - regards the organization as systems of interrelated parts that operate
together to achieve a common purpose
o The Contingency Viewpoint - emphasizes that a manager's approach should vary according to
(be contingent on) the individual and environmental situation
o The Quality-Management Viewpoint - 3 Approaches