Biology 121 Exam 2 Study Guide Questions With Complete Verified Answers

1. The electron transport chain: - correct answers is a series of redox reactions 2. The terminal electron acceptor during respiration is: - correct answers O2 3. What is the net gain from a molecule of glucose during the krebs cycle? - correct answers 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 4. The final product(s) of pyruvate oxidation is (are) - correct answers acetyl-CoA, CO2, NADH 5. Glucose processing has four components. Which component takes place in the cytosol? - correct answers Glycolysis 6. In chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions (protons) pass through: - correct answers ATP synthase. 7. How many ATP are produced during glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation? - correct answers 4 8. Which of the following statements about NAD+ is true? - correct answers NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. 9. Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? - correct answers glycolysis 10. The process of splitting water to release hydrogens and electrons occurs during the _____ process. - correct answers light dependent 11. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through ___. - correct answers stomata 12. The final electron acceptor(s) associated with photosystem I is/are: - correct answers NADP 13. All of the following compounds are required for photosynthesis except - correct answers O2 14. Besides proteins, thylakoid membranes must contain a large number of ________ molecules in the reaction centers in order to harvest light energy. - correct answers pigment 15. The electrons of photosystem II are excited and transferred to electron carriers. From which molecule or structure do the photosystem II replacement electrons come? - correct answers water 16. The colors of light in the visible range (from shortest wavelength to longest) is ___. - correct answers VIBGYOR 17. Chlorophylls absorb most light in which colors of the visible range? - correct answers violet and red 18. What event accompanies energy absorption by chlorophyll (or other pigment molecules of the antenna complex)? - correct answers An electron is excited. 19. Which type of cell signaling does not rely on the diffusion of a chemical signal molecule? - correct answers juxtacrine 20. Communication between neurons is an example of which type of cell signaling? - correct answers paracrine 21. The high variability of the types of G protein-coupled receptors allows for: - correct answers different types of cells to respond to different types of signals. 22. An increased heart rate caused by the release of adrenaline from the adrenal glands is an example of _______________________________. - correct answers endocrine signaling 23.Which statement most accurately explains how some signals are amplified? - correct answers Second messengers are produced. 24. A common GTP-binding molecule that links the receipt of an extracellular signal to the production of an intracellular one is _____. - correct answers a G protein 25. How is phosphorylation important in a signal transduction cascade? - correct answers Phosphorylation will change the activity of target proteins, which triggers another response in the cell. 26. What does it mean to say that a signal is transduced? - correct answers The physical form of the signal changes from one form to another. 27. Plasmodesmata are cell-cell junctions that can be found between ________. - correct answers plant cells. 28. The shape of cells is determined and maintained by structural protein networks in the cytoplasm called the _________. - correct answers cytoskeleton 29. The cytoskeleton of animal cells includes: - correct answers microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. 30. ________________ is (are) the most common ECM protein fiber(s), is (are) more elastic than cellulose and forms a flexible extracellular layer. - correct answers Collagen 31. The plasma membrane's phospholipid bilayer has numerous proteins. Which of the following is NOT a protein associated with the plasma membrane? - correct answers transintegral proteins 32. The __________ are a group of cell adhesion proteins found in plasma membranes that bind only to other _________of the same type. - correct answers cadherins 33. Myosin motor proteins use ATP energy to: - correct answers carry vesicles along a microfilament within a cell in a minus-to-plus direction. 34. Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella? - correct answers tubulin 35. Select the mitotic stage or interphase shown by the cell shown below. - correct answers Metaphase 36. A cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis and cell division. How many daughter cells are produced and what number of chromosomes do they have? - correct answers 2 daughter cells, 10 chromosomes each 37. Mitosis is the process of chromosome separation. Cytoplasm is divided between the two daughter cells in a process known as ________. - correct answers cytokinesis. 38. Which sequence of the cell cycle is common to eukaryotes? - correct answers G1 to S to G2 to M to cytokinesis 39. Homologous chromosomes ________. - correct answers carry information for the same traits. 40. The egg of a fruit fly has 4 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell of a fruit fly? - correct answers 8 41. Crossing over occurs during - correct answers prophase I 42. Synapsis is a critical event in the progression of meiosis. What is the key outcome of a completed chromosomal synapsis? - correct answers Side by side alignment of homologous chromosomes 43. The microtubule-organizing center found in animal cells is an identifiable structure present during all phases of the cell cycle. Specifically, it is known as the _____. - correct answers centrosome 44. When we say that DNA replication is semiconservative, we mean that: - correct answers when DNA is replicated, each new double helix contains one parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand. Use this information to answer the next three (3) questions. Match each of the proteins involved in DNA replication with its function. Answers may be used more than once. - correct answers a. DNA helicase - correct answers b. Topoisomerase II - correct answers c. Single-stranded binding proteins - correct answers d. DNA polymerase - correct answers 45. Which of the above attaches DNA nucleotides to an RNA primer? - correct answers d. 46. Which of the above relieves the stress on the replication fork caused by unwinding - correct answers b. 47. Which of the above proofreads the growing DNA strands and replaces mismatched nucleotides - correct answers d. 48. Which of the following enzymes would be the first to bind to the DNA sequences at the origin of replication? - correct answers DNA helicase 49. Which of the following places the PCR cycle in the correct sequence? - correct answers Denaturation, Annealing, Extension 50. Each round of PCR ______. - correct answers doubles the amount of DNA 51 Why are there several structurally different pigments in the reaction centers of photosystems? - correct answers This setup enables the plant to absorb energy from sunlight from a variety of wavelengths. 52 Which of the following statements is NOT true of mitosis? - correct answers Homologous chromosomes synapse in prophase. 53 A human cell has 46 total or 23 pairs of chromosomes. Following mitosis, the daughter cells would each have a total of ______ chromosomes. After meiosis I, the two daughter cells would have _____chromosomes, and after meiosis II ______ chromosomes. - correct answers 46, 23, 23 54. Dynein motor proteins use ATP energy to: - correct answers carry vesicles along a microtubule within a cell in a plus-to-minus direction. - correct answers