NSG 552 COMPREHENSIVE TEST BANK
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
●● Pharmacodynamics
Answer: Studies how the drug acts on the body
●● First-generation antipsychotic
Answer: - first developed in the 1950s, first available treatment for
psychosis
- aka typical antipsychotics
- increased risk for EPS, Tardive dyskinesia
- d2 blocker
- Currently 11 FDA-approved and commerically available FGAs
- Most common differences between individual FGAs are their potency
and side effects
- examples include Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Haldol (haloperidol),
Prolixin (fluphenazine), perphenazine (Trilafon
●● Second-generation antipsychotic
Answer: - examples include Abilify (aripiprazole), Seroquel
(quetiapine), Zyprexa (olanzapine), Risperdal (risperidone), Clozaril
(clozapine)
,- lower risk of EPS symptoms compared to 1st gen
- higher risk of metabolic side effects
- serotonin-dopamine receptor antagonists
- AKA atypical antipsychotics
●● EPS
Answer: Involuntary movements that occur as a side effect to certina
medications. AKA drug induced movement disorder. May include
tardive dyskinesia, dystonic reactions, parkinsons-like symptoms,
akathesia, NMD, akinesia
- Can be acute or chronic
- related to suppression of D2 dopamine receptors in the nigrostriatal
pathway
●● Tardive dyskinesia
Answer: - characterized by involuntary movments in the face and body
- often induced by long-term use of anitpsychotic drugs
- can be associated with use of other medication types (antidepressants,
lithium, antihistamines)
- more common with 1st gen antipsychotics
- movements may include: writhing, mouth puckering, tongue rolling,
lip smacking, pill rolling, tongue protrusion
●● Upregulation
,Answer: Refers to the activiation of the nervous system. Is the process
by which a cell increases its response to a subtance or signal from
outside the cell to carry out a specific response
●● downregulation
Answer: Refers to state of calm/relation within nervous system.
Characterized by a decreased response by a cell to a molecule or
neurotransmitter.
●● Receptor Profiles
Answer: FGA - Primarily D2 antagonism. Also antagonize M2, H1, and
a1 receptors
SGA - 5-HT2A & D2 antagonism. Rapid D2 dissociation. 5HT2A
agonism. Also antagonizes M2, H1, 5HT2C, and a1 receptors
●● Binding
Answer: When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on a receiving cell,
it causes ion channels to open or close.
●● Affinity
Answer: The property of a drug that describes its ability to bind to a
receptor
Constant
, Unique for each drug-receptor pair as it is dependent on each of their
structures
●● CYP450
Answer: - membrane-bound hemoproteins that play a pivotal role in the
detoxification of xenobiotics, cellular metabolism, and homeostatis
-Inhibitition or induction of CYP enzymes is a major mechanism
underlying drug-drug interactions
- A CYP450 inhibitor prevents or reduces work by CYP450 enzymes =
decreased drug metabolism and increased risk for toxicity
- A CYP450 inducer increases rate of hepatic metabolism = decreased
serum concentation of other drugs metabolized by the same hepatic
isoenzyme
Grapefruit juice is an inhibtior, which can increase serum levels of
certain drugs
●● Dopamine Pathways
Answer: - mesolimbic (positive sx)
- mesocortical (negative sx)
- nigrostriatal (EPS)
- tuberoinfundibular (prolactin)
●● Metabolic Syndrome
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
●● Pharmacodynamics
Answer: Studies how the drug acts on the body
●● First-generation antipsychotic
Answer: - first developed in the 1950s, first available treatment for
psychosis
- aka typical antipsychotics
- increased risk for EPS, Tardive dyskinesia
- d2 blocker
- Currently 11 FDA-approved and commerically available FGAs
- Most common differences between individual FGAs are their potency
and side effects
- examples include Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Haldol (haloperidol),
Prolixin (fluphenazine), perphenazine (Trilafon
●● Second-generation antipsychotic
Answer: - examples include Abilify (aripiprazole), Seroquel
(quetiapine), Zyprexa (olanzapine), Risperdal (risperidone), Clozaril
(clozapine)
,- lower risk of EPS symptoms compared to 1st gen
- higher risk of metabolic side effects
- serotonin-dopamine receptor antagonists
- AKA atypical antipsychotics
●● EPS
Answer: Involuntary movements that occur as a side effect to certina
medications. AKA drug induced movement disorder. May include
tardive dyskinesia, dystonic reactions, parkinsons-like symptoms,
akathesia, NMD, akinesia
- Can be acute or chronic
- related to suppression of D2 dopamine receptors in the nigrostriatal
pathway
●● Tardive dyskinesia
Answer: - characterized by involuntary movments in the face and body
- often induced by long-term use of anitpsychotic drugs
- can be associated with use of other medication types (antidepressants,
lithium, antihistamines)
- more common with 1st gen antipsychotics
- movements may include: writhing, mouth puckering, tongue rolling,
lip smacking, pill rolling, tongue protrusion
●● Upregulation
,Answer: Refers to the activiation of the nervous system. Is the process
by which a cell increases its response to a subtance or signal from
outside the cell to carry out a specific response
●● downregulation
Answer: Refers to state of calm/relation within nervous system.
Characterized by a decreased response by a cell to a molecule or
neurotransmitter.
●● Receptor Profiles
Answer: FGA - Primarily D2 antagonism. Also antagonize M2, H1, and
a1 receptors
SGA - 5-HT2A & D2 antagonism. Rapid D2 dissociation. 5HT2A
agonism. Also antagonizes M2, H1, 5HT2C, and a1 receptors
●● Binding
Answer: When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on a receiving cell,
it causes ion channels to open or close.
●● Affinity
Answer: The property of a drug that describes its ability to bind to a
receptor
Constant
, Unique for each drug-receptor pair as it is dependent on each of their
structures
●● CYP450
Answer: - membrane-bound hemoproteins that play a pivotal role in the
detoxification of xenobiotics, cellular metabolism, and homeostatis
-Inhibitition or induction of CYP enzymes is a major mechanism
underlying drug-drug interactions
- A CYP450 inhibitor prevents or reduces work by CYP450 enzymes =
decreased drug metabolism and increased risk for toxicity
- A CYP450 inducer increases rate of hepatic metabolism = decreased
serum concentation of other drugs metabolized by the same hepatic
isoenzyme
Grapefruit juice is an inhibtior, which can increase serum levels of
certain drugs
●● Dopamine Pathways
Answer: - mesolimbic (positive sx)
- mesocortical (negative sx)
- nigrostriatal (EPS)
- tuberoinfundibular (prolactin)
●● Metabolic Syndrome
