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competition - CORRECTANSWER 2 species trying to get the same resources (-/-)
Predation - CORRECTANSWER An interaction in which one organism kills another for food (+/-)
usually targets the weak and the young
parasitism - CORRECTANSWER A relationship between two organisms of different species
where one benefits and the other is harmed (+/-)
Mutalism - CORRECTANSWER symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the
relationship (+/+)
Pollination - CORRECTANSWER The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to
female reproductive structures in plants
example of mutualism
,plants produce nectar to encourage insect pollination
Pollen - CORRECTANSWER packet containing plant "sperm" (generative nucleus) and tube
nucleus
tends to be sticky and have hooks or spines
very protein rich
some plants have both fertile and sterile pollen (sterile pollen is for insects to eat)
paleoecology - CORRECTANSWER using pollen grains found in subfossil sediment to gain
information about the environment
Evolutions to pollinators - CORRECTANSWER pollinators have evolved with flowering plants
(anatomy -- butterfly proboscis) and elaborate methods of attraction)
most pollinators can fly
Insects get nectar and energy from pollination
Nectar - CORRECTANSWER liquid containing nutrients and sugars to attract insect pollinators
nectar varies depending on needs of pollinator and species of plant
stored in deep chambers within a plant that allow for insect to get in contact with the pollen
(nectaries)
, Ways plants attract pollinators - CORRECTANSWER odor: aerial molecules detected by
specialized sensors
(can be bad odors --> carion plants)
color and patter: nectar guides are radiating lines and shapes that appear like landing strips (can
be UV or visual)
Most common groups of pollinators - CORRECTANSWER diptera
hymenoptera
lepidoptera
coleoptera
Monolectic - CORRECTANSWER Specialized in collecting pollen from one species (very rare)
know insect will go to same species so it will pollinate the correct flower
Oligolectic - CORRECTANSWER utilizing a very limited number of plant species as sources of
pollen (said chiefly of bees)
polylectic - CORRECTANSWER Many plant species are visited by an insect species
allows for more opportunities for pollination
Characteristics of pollinators - CORRECTANSWER around 30,000 species worldwide
most are solitary and polylectic
use nectar for flight fuel and pollen to feed offspring
Bee adaptations for pollination - CORRECTANSWER pollen brushes on tibia and tarsi