NGR 6152 Midterm EXAM fully solved & updated
2026-2027(latest version verified for accuracy)
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Terms in this set (103)
Eukaryotic cells Consists of 3 general components: plasma
membrane, cytoplasm and intracellular organelles
Nucleolus Small, dense structure composed of RNA; most of
the cellular DNA
Histones DNA-binding proteins that help compact and fold
DNA into chromosomes
Passive Transport The movement of materials through a cell
membrane without using energy. Occurs by
osmotic pressure.
Active Transport Energy-requiring process that moves large
molecules across a cell membrane
Transcription synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA
template; results in formation of mRNA
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, 5/12/26, 5:36 PM NGR 6152 Midterm EXAM fully solved & updated 2026-2027(latest version verified for accuracy) (Questions + Answers) Solved 10…
Translation Process by which mRNA directs the synthesis of a
polypeptide
Nonsense Codons stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)
Complement System A group of blood proteins that directly lyse
extracellular pathogens
membrane attack complex (MAC) complement system components assembled to
form pores in membranes of invading cells
classical pathway of complement Activated by antigen-antibody complex (adaptive
system immune system)
lectin pathway of complement mannose-binding bacterial carbohydrates binds to
system pathogen surface; second to act
Alternate pathway of complement Activated by gram-neg bacterial and fungal wall
system polysaccharides
Anaphylatoxins induce rapid degranulation of mast cells; necessary
early in inflammation and occurs CLOSE to
inflammatory site
chemotactic factors attract phagocytes to area of inflammation;
required for a much longer period and occurs
DISTAL to inflammatory site
hypertrophy Increase in cell size;
Results in enlarged tissue mass
Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a less mature cell
type
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