NR507 WEEK 7 QUIZ EXAMINATION TEST
2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
◉ Risk factors of GERD Answer: ● obesity, hiatal hernia, and drugs or
chemicals that relax the LES (anticholinergics, nitrates, calcium channel
blockers, nicotine).
● GERD may be a trigger for asthma, chronic cough, or sinusitis.
◉ Patho of GERD Answer: ● Abnormalities in lower esophageal
sphincter function, esophageal motility, and gastric motility or emptying
● The resting tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tends to be
lower than normal from either transient relaxation or weakness of the
sphincter in those who develop GERD.
● Vomiting, coughing, lifting, bending, obesity, or pregnancy increases
abdominal pressure, contributing to the development of reflux
esophagitis.
● Hiatal hernia can weaken the LES.
● Delayed gastric emptying contributes to reflux esophagitis by (1)
lengthening the period during which reflux is possible and (2) increasing
the acid content of chyme.
● Disorders that delay emptying include gastroparesis; gastric or
duodenal ulcers, which can cause pyloric edema; and strictures that
narrow the pylorus, erosions, tissue fragility, increased capillary
permeability
● The severity of the esophagitis depends on the composition of the
gastric contents and esophageal mucosa exposure time.
, ● If the gastric content is highly acidic or contains bile salts and
pancreatic or intestinal enzymes, reflux esophagitis can be severe.
● In individuals with weak esophageal peristalsis, refluxed chyme
remains in the esophagus longer
● Fibrosis and thickening may develop. Precancerous lesions (Barrett
esophagus) with progression to adenocarcinoma can be a long-term
consequence.
◉ Clinical Manifestations of GERD Answer: related to mucosal injury
from acid regurgitation and the frequency and duration of reflux events.
● heartburn, chronic cough, asthma attacks, laryngitis, sinusitis, and
upper abdominal pain within 1 hour of eating.
● The symptoms worsen if the individual lies down or if intraabdominal
pressure increases (e.g., as a result of coughing, vomiting, or straining at
stool).
● Symptoms may be present when no acid is in the esophagus. Edema,
fibrosis (strictures), esophageal spasm, or decreased esophageal motility
may result in dysphagia with weight loss.
● Alcohol or acid-containing foods, such as citrus fruits, can cause
discomfort during swallowing.
◉ GERD Eval Answer: ● Diagnosis of GERD is based on the history
and clinical manifestations. Esophageal endoscopy shows hyperemia,
edema, erosion, and strictures.
● Dysplastic changes (Barrett esophagus) can be identified by tissue
biopsy.
2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
◉ Risk factors of GERD Answer: ● obesity, hiatal hernia, and drugs or
chemicals that relax the LES (anticholinergics, nitrates, calcium channel
blockers, nicotine).
● GERD may be a trigger for asthma, chronic cough, or sinusitis.
◉ Patho of GERD Answer: ● Abnormalities in lower esophageal
sphincter function, esophageal motility, and gastric motility or emptying
● The resting tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tends to be
lower than normal from either transient relaxation or weakness of the
sphincter in those who develop GERD.
● Vomiting, coughing, lifting, bending, obesity, or pregnancy increases
abdominal pressure, contributing to the development of reflux
esophagitis.
● Hiatal hernia can weaken the LES.
● Delayed gastric emptying contributes to reflux esophagitis by (1)
lengthening the period during which reflux is possible and (2) increasing
the acid content of chyme.
● Disorders that delay emptying include gastroparesis; gastric or
duodenal ulcers, which can cause pyloric edema; and strictures that
narrow the pylorus, erosions, tissue fragility, increased capillary
permeability
● The severity of the esophagitis depends on the composition of the
gastric contents and esophageal mucosa exposure time.
, ● If the gastric content is highly acidic or contains bile salts and
pancreatic or intestinal enzymes, reflux esophagitis can be severe.
● In individuals with weak esophageal peristalsis, refluxed chyme
remains in the esophagus longer
● Fibrosis and thickening may develop. Precancerous lesions (Barrett
esophagus) with progression to adenocarcinoma can be a long-term
consequence.
◉ Clinical Manifestations of GERD Answer: related to mucosal injury
from acid regurgitation and the frequency and duration of reflux events.
● heartburn, chronic cough, asthma attacks, laryngitis, sinusitis, and
upper abdominal pain within 1 hour of eating.
● The symptoms worsen if the individual lies down or if intraabdominal
pressure increases (e.g., as a result of coughing, vomiting, or straining at
stool).
● Symptoms may be present when no acid is in the esophagus. Edema,
fibrosis (strictures), esophageal spasm, or decreased esophageal motility
may result in dysphagia with weight loss.
● Alcohol or acid-containing foods, such as citrus fruits, can cause
discomfort during swallowing.
◉ GERD Eval Answer: ● Diagnosis of GERD is based on the history
and clinical manifestations. Esophageal endoscopy shows hyperemia,
edema, erosion, and strictures.
● Dysplastic changes (Barrett esophagus) can be identified by tissue
biopsy.
