NR507 WEEK 7 QUIZ STUDY GUIDE 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis Answer: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone
can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
◉ Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) Answer: Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
◉ Chronic Renal Failure Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such
as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic
lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
,CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
◉ Who is a candidate for dialysis? Answer: End-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being
diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient
is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR
rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
◉ Stage I CKD Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
◉ Stage II CKD Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR
, 60-89
◉ Stage III CKD Answer: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
◉ Stage IV CKD Answer: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
◉ Stage V CKD Answer: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
◉ Complications of Decreased GFR Answer: Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Acute Pyelonephritis Answer: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone
can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
◉ Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) Answer: Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
◉ Chronic Renal Failure Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such
as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic
lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
,CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
◉ Who is a candidate for dialysis? Answer: End-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being
diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient
is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR
rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
◉ Stage I CKD Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
◉ Stage II CKD Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR
, 60-89
◉ Stage III CKD Answer: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
◉ Stage IV CKD Answer: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
◉ Stage V CKD Answer: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
◉ Complications of Decreased GFR Answer: Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
