NURS 753 FINAL EXAM WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
What is innate immunity? correct answer provides immediate protection and is
nonspecific, meaning it provides protection against all invaders.
What is adaptative immunity? correct answer Can take 7-10 days to provide
protection, but it is specific to the antigens.
What is antigen? correct answer a foreign agent that triggers the production of
antibodies by the immune system
What is antibody (immunoglobulin)? correct answer a protein used by the immune
system to identify and neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses and bacteria
What is autoantibody? correct answer an antibody made by the immune system
that attacks an individual's own proteins
What is lysozyme? correct answer an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
What is pyrogens? correct answer Molecules that cause the systemic response of
fever
What is Humoral immunity? correct answer interaction to produce antibodies
against the antigen (B-Cell function or humoral immunity)
,What is cell-mediated immunity? correct answer is the main mechanism by which
the body fights the tubercle bacillus and starts a few weeks after infection.
What is Human Leukocyte antigen system? correct answer known as major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes are
expressed on the surface of the WBC.
What is alloimmunity? correct answer Four types of tissue transplants are possible
—allogeneic, syngeneic, autologous, and xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same species
and is of similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
What is autoimmunity? correct answer Failure of central and peripheral tolerance,
sequestration, and regulatory mechanisms
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and bone
marrow for B cells) when lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance, B or
T cells that are autoreactive (bind to self) are destroyed or suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T cells
migrate, peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune system
has regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
What is allogenic? correct answer Those in which tissue used is from the same
species and is of similar tissue type but it is not identical. Most transplants are
allogenic.
What is autologous? correct answer hosts and donor are the same person for
transplants.
,DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
correct answer o The same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of
injury or prior exposure as there is no memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the
inflammatory response is triggered.
Describe the Acute phase of inflammation correct answer Starts immediately after
the injury and continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to days)
Describe the chronic phase of inflammation correct answer o Takes over until
healing and repair are complete (weeks or months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE? correct
answer Driven by mast cells.
HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA? correct answer
Fever is distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant
hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase is regulated, and
thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning.
Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated increase in
temperature along with an inability of the body to cool itself. Hypothalamus is not
reset in hyperthermia, it's just a response from an external factor.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY?
correct answer o Interferons do not protect cells already infected by a virus but
rather stop the spread of the virus to new cells.
o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes
that inhibit viral replication.
, FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE
IMMUNITY correct answer Process that involves approximately 20 blood plasma
proteins and enhances the action of antibodies. Complement proteins circulate in
the blood in an inactive state.
FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY
correct answer is activated during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in
the inflammatory response by attracting (chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of
injury and causing increased vascular permeability.
FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY correct
answer Activation primarily leads to the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin
causes pain, increased vascular permeability through vasodilation, neutrophil
recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
WHY DO GRANULOMAS FORM IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION? HOW IS
THIS DIFFERENT FROM GRANULATION TISSUE? correct answer o This
phase usually occurs because the acute response was not effective in eliminating or
repairing the injury or infection.
o Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue development
which is a step-in tissue repair. Granulation tissue is a mixture of new vasculature
and fibroblasts, which produces connective tissue fibers and collagen.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF T CELLS IN ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY correct answer § T Cells (cellular) destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection.
Helper cells can further be subdivided into T-helper (Th) 1 and Th 2. The Th 2
cells activate, or call up, B cells to produce antibodies while the Th 1 cells are
involved in the inflammatory process and the activation of macrophages.
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
What is innate immunity? correct answer provides immediate protection and is
nonspecific, meaning it provides protection against all invaders.
What is adaptative immunity? correct answer Can take 7-10 days to provide
protection, but it is specific to the antigens.
What is antigen? correct answer a foreign agent that triggers the production of
antibodies by the immune system
What is antibody (immunoglobulin)? correct answer a protein used by the immune
system to identify and neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses and bacteria
What is autoantibody? correct answer an antibody made by the immune system
that attacks an individual's own proteins
What is lysozyme? correct answer an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
What is pyrogens? correct answer Molecules that cause the systemic response of
fever
What is Humoral immunity? correct answer interaction to produce antibodies
against the antigen (B-Cell function or humoral immunity)
,What is cell-mediated immunity? correct answer is the main mechanism by which
the body fights the tubercle bacillus and starts a few weeks after infection.
What is Human Leukocyte antigen system? correct answer known as major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes are
expressed on the surface of the WBC.
What is alloimmunity? correct answer Four types of tissue transplants are possible
—allogeneic, syngeneic, autologous, and xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same species
and is of similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
What is autoimmunity? correct answer Failure of central and peripheral tolerance,
sequestration, and regulatory mechanisms
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and bone
marrow for B cells) when lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance, B or
T cells that are autoreactive (bind to self) are destroyed or suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T cells
migrate, peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune system
has regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
What is allogenic? correct answer Those in which tissue used is from the same
species and is of similar tissue type but it is not identical. Most transplants are
allogenic.
What is autologous? correct answer hosts and donor are the same person for
transplants.
,DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
correct answer o The same sequence of response occurs no matter the type of
injury or prior exposure as there is no memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the
inflammatory response is triggered.
Describe the Acute phase of inflammation correct answer Starts immediately after
the injury and continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to days)
Describe the chronic phase of inflammation correct answer o Takes over until
healing and repair are complete (weeks or months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE? correct
answer Driven by mast cells.
HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA? correct answer
Fever is distinguished from other forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant
hyperthermia) because the body temperature increase is regulated, and
thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning.
Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated increase in
temperature along with an inability of the body to cool itself. Hypothalamus is not
reset in hyperthermia, it's just a response from an external factor.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY?
correct answer o Interferons do not protect cells already infected by a virus but
rather stop the spread of the virus to new cells.
o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes
that inhibit viral replication.
, FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE
IMMUNITY correct answer Process that involves approximately 20 blood plasma
proteins and enhances the action of antibodies. Complement proteins circulate in
the blood in an inactive state.
FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY
correct answer is activated during infection and injury. Ultimately participates in
the inflammatory response by attracting (chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of
injury and causing increased vascular permeability.
FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY correct
answer Activation primarily leads to the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin
causes pain, increased vascular permeability through vasodilation, neutrophil
recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
WHY DO GRANULOMAS FORM IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION? HOW IS
THIS DIFFERENT FROM GRANULATION TISSUE? correct answer o This
phase usually occurs because the acute response was not effective in eliminating or
repairing the injury or infection.
o Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue development
which is a step-in tissue repair. Granulation tissue is a mixture of new vasculature
and fibroblasts, which produces connective tissue fibers and collagen.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF T CELLS IN ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY correct answer § T Cells (cellular) destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection.
Helper cells can further be subdivided into T-helper (Th) 1 and Th 2. The Th 2
cells activate, or call up, B cells to produce antibodies while the Th 1 cells are
involved in the inflammatory process and the activation of macrophages.
