CD 415 FINAL questions with correct answers graded A
Questions are graded A+ with correct answers and rationales.
1–20: Theories & Foundational Concepts
1. A researcher wants to study how aggression changes from age 3 to 18 by
testing the same group every 2 years. This is a:
A) Cross-sectional design
B) Longitudinal design
C) Sequential design
D) Microgenetic design
Answer: B
Rationale: Longitudinal design follows the same participants over time. Cross-
sectional compares different ages at one time. Sequential combines both.
Microgenetic observes rapid change periods.
2. Vygotsky’s concept of the “zone of proximal development” refers to:
A) Skills a child can do independently
B) Skills a child cannot yet do even with help
C) Skills a child can do with guidance from a more skilled partner
,D) Fixed genetic potential for cognitive growth
Answer: C
Rationale: ZPD is the gap between independent performance and potential under
guidance; learning happens here via scaffolding.
3. According to Piaget, the ability to understand that changing the shape of a
liquid does not change its quantity is called:
A) Egocentrism
B) Reversibility
C) Conservation
D) Object permanence
Answer: C
Rationale: Conservation is mastered in concrete operational stage (∼7–11 years).
Reversibility is the mental operation enabling conservation.
4. Erikson’s psychosocial stage for early childhood (ages 3–6) is:
A) Trust vs. mistrust
B) Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
,C) Initiative vs. guilt
D) Industry vs. inferiority
Answer: C
Rationale: Initiative vs. guilt: children assert power/control through play and
social interaction.
5. Which attachment style shows distress at separation, but is easily comforted
upon reunion?
A) Secure
B) Insecure-avoidant
C) Insecure-resistant/ambivalent
D) Disorganized
Answer: A
Rationale: Secure infants use caregiver as a secure base, show distress at
separation, greet positively at reunion, and are easily soothed.
6. A child who shows no distress at separation and ignores the caregiver upon
reunion is likely:
, A) Secure
B) Insecure-avoidant
C) Insecure-resistant
D) Disorganized
Answer: B
Rationale: Avoidant attachment – child treats caregiver and stranger similarly,
avoids caregiver after reunion, likely due to distant parenting.
7. The “visual cliff” experiment measures:
A) Depth perception
B) Color vision
C) Face recognition
D) Visual acuity
Answer: A
Rationale: Gibson & Walk – infants hesitate to cross the deep side, indicating
depth perception emerges by the time they crawl (∼7–9 months).
8. Which of the following is an example of an innate reflex in newborns?
Questions are graded A+ with correct answers and rationales.
1–20: Theories & Foundational Concepts
1. A researcher wants to study how aggression changes from age 3 to 18 by
testing the same group every 2 years. This is a:
A) Cross-sectional design
B) Longitudinal design
C) Sequential design
D) Microgenetic design
Answer: B
Rationale: Longitudinal design follows the same participants over time. Cross-
sectional compares different ages at one time. Sequential combines both.
Microgenetic observes rapid change periods.
2. Vygotsky’s concept of the “zone of proximal development” refers to:
A) Skills a child can do independently
B) Skills a child cannot yet do even with help
C) Skills a child can do with guidance from a more skilled partner
,D) Fixed genetic potential for cognitive growth
Answer: C
Rationale: ZPD is the gap between independent performance and potential under
guidance; learning happens here via scaffolding.
3. According to Piaget, the ability to understand that changing the shape of a
liquid does not change its quantity is called:
A) Egocentrism
B) Reversibility
C) Conservation
D) Object permanence
Answer: C
Rationale: Conservation is mastered in concrete operational stage (∼7–11 years).
Reversibility is the mental operation enabling conservation.
4. Erikson’s psychosocial stage for early childhood (ages 3–6) is:
A) Trust vs. mistrust
B) Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
,C) Initiative vs. guilt
D) Industry vs. inferiority
Answer: C
Rationale: Initiative vs. guilt: children assert power/control through play and
social interaction.
5. Which attachment style shows distress at separation, but is easily comforted
upon reunion?
A) Secure
B) Insecure-avoidant
C) Insecure-resistant/ambivalent
D) Disorganized
Answer: A
Rationale: Secure infants use caregiver as a secure base, show distress at
separation, greet positively at reunion, and are easily soothed.
6. A child who shows no distress at separation and ignores the caregiver upon
reunion is likely:
, A) Secure
B) Insecure-avoidant
C) Insecure-resistant
D) Disorganized
Answer: B
Rationale: Avoidant attachment – child treats caregiver and stranger similarly,
avoids caregiver after reunion, likely due to distant parenting.
7. The “visual cliff” experiment measures:
A) Depth perception
B) Color vision
C) Face recognition
D) Visual acuity
Answer: A
Rationale: Gibson & Walk – infants hesitate to cross the deep side, indicating
depth perception emerges by the time they crawl (∼7–9 months).
8. Which of the following is an example of an innate reflex in newborns?
