FRESENIUS RN EXAM LATEST VERSION 2026 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADE A
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system? -ANSWER-2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Anatomical structure of kidneys, order of urine flow? -ANSWER-kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra
Kidneys produce urine which is transported by the ureters to the bladder where it is stored
and eventually excreted from the body via the urethra.
What is a nephron? -ANSWER-Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney. They are a
tubular structure that filter blood to form urine.
What are nephrons composed of? -ANSWER-Glomerulus and Tubules
What is a glomerulus composed of? -ANSWER-Tangled cluster of capillaries surrounded by
the Bowman's capsule.
How does blood enter the kidney? -ANSWER-Through the renal artery
What is the acronym for the 7 functions of the kidneys? -ANSWER-A Wet Bed
What does A Wet Bed stand for? -ANSWER-A - acid base balance maintenance
W - water balance maintenance
,E - electrolyte balance
T - toxin removal
B - blood pressure regulation
E - erythropoietin production
D - vitamin d metabolism
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the 5 stages of kidney disease? -ANSWER-GFR
describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney.
GFR of the 5 stages of kidney disease? -ANSWER-1. 90 or greater
2. 60-89
3. 30-59
4. 15-29
5. less than 15
Descriptions of the 5 stages of kidney disease? -ANSWER-1. Normal kidney function but
urine or other abnormalities point to kidney disease.
2. Mildly reduced kidney function, urine or other abnormalities point to kidney disease.
3. Moderately reduced kidney function.
4. Severely reduced kidney function.
5. Very severely reduced kidney function (also called CKD)
What are the types of kidney failure? -ANSWER-Acute and chronic
What can cause acute renal failure? -ANSWER-Drug toxicity
MVA
Dehydration
,Characteristics of acute renal failure? -ANSWER-Sudden Onset
Severe
Usually reversible
What can cause chronic renal failure? -ANSWER-Diabetes
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
What are some characteristics of chronic renal failure? -ANSWER-Slow onset
Progressive
Permanent
Other causes of Renal Failure can include: -ANSWER-Polycystic Kidney Disease
Interstitial Nephritis
Goodpasture Syndrome
Wilm's Tumor
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Alport's Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug Toxicity (Heroin, cocaine, NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
AIDS
Obstructions
Scleroderma
Classic signs of renal failure? -ANSWER-Elevated serum BUN/creatinine, phosphorus,
potassium
Anemia
Nerve damage
, Yellow-gray appearance of the skin
Fluid overload
SOA
Edema
Hypertension
Proteinuria
Classic symptoms of renal failure? -ANSWER-Uremia
Lethargy
Weakness
Headache
Itching
Fatigue
Nausea
Restlessness
Mental Status changes
Loss of appetite
What is anemia? -ANSWER-Lack of Red Blood Cells RBC's
What causes anemia? -ANSWER-Decreased of lacking erythropoietin production
Shortened RBC lifespan
Decreased iron absorption
Blood loss during dialysis
How is anemia treated? -ANSWER-Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA's) are
administered. ESAs stimulate RBC production in the bone marrow. Examples of ESA's include
Epogen, Aranesp, and Mircera.
AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADE A
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system? -ANSWER-2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Anatomical structure of kidneys, order of urine flow? -ANSWER-kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra
Kidneys produce urine which is transported by the ureters to the bladder where it is stored
and eventually excreted from the body via the urethra.
What is a nephron? -ANSWER-Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney. They are a
tubular structure that filter blood to form urine.
What are nephrons composed of? -ANSWER-Glomerulus and Tubules
What is a glomerulus composed of? -ANSWER-Tangled cluster of capillaries surrounded by
the Bowman's capsule.
How does blood enter the kidney? -ANSWER-Through the renal artery
What is the acronym for the 7 functions of the kidneys? -ANSWER-A Wet Bed
What does A Wet Bed stand for? -ANSWER-A - acid base balance maintenance
W - water balance maintenance
,E - electrolyte balance
T - toxin removal
B - blood pressure regulation
E - erythropoietin production
D - vitamin d metabolism
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in the 5 stages of kidney disease? -ANSWER-GFR
describes the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney.
GFR of the 5 stages of kidney disease? -ANSWER-1. 90 or greater
2. 60-89
3. 30-59
4. 15-29
5. less than 15
Descriptions of the 5 stages of kidney disease? -ANSWER-1. Normal kidney function but
urine or other abnormalities point to kidney disease.
2. Mildly reduced kidney function, urine or other abnormalities point to kidney disease.
3. Moderately reduced kidney function.
4. Severely reduced kidney function.
5. Very severely reduced kidney function (also called CKD)
What are the types of kidney failure? -ANSWER-Acute and chronic
What can cause acute renal failure? -ANSWER-Drug toxicity
MVA
Dehydration
,Characteristics of acute renal failure? -ANSWER-Sudden Onset
Severe
Usually reversible
What can cause chronic renal failure? -ANSWER-Diabetes
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
What are some characteristics of chronic renal failure? -ANSWER-Slow onset
Progressive
Permanent
Other causes of Renal Failure can include: -ANSWER-Polycystic Kidney Disease
Interstitial Nephritis
Goodpasture Syndrome
Wilm's Tumor
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Alport's Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Drug Toxicity (Heroin, cocaine, NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
AIDS
Obstructions
Scleroderma
Classic signs of renal failure? -ANSWER-Elevated serum BUN/creatinine, phosphorus,
potassium
Anemia
Nerve damage
, Yellow-gray appearance of the skin
Fluid overload
SOA
Edema
Hypertension
Proteinuria
Classic symptoms of renal failure? -ANSWER-Uremia
Lethargy
Weakness
Headache
Itching
Fatigue
Nausea
Restlessness
Mental Status changes
Loss of appetite
What is anemia? -ANSWER-Lack of Red Blood Cells RBC's
What causes anemia? -ANSWER-Decreased of lacking erythropoietin production
Shortened RBC lifespan
Decreased iron absorption
Blood loss during dialysis
How is anemia treated? -ANSWER-Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA's) are
administered. ESAs stimulate RBC production in the bone marrow. Examples of ESA's include
Epogen, Aranesp, and Mircera.
