NSG 533 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 3 Comprehensive Questions
(Frequently Tested) with Verified
Answers Graded A+
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List the novel risk factors for CAD - Answer: 1) markers of
inflammation, ischemia, and thrombosis (elevated high sensitivity C-
reactive protein, troponin, fibrinogen) 2) adipokines (leptin,
adiponectin) 3) CKD 4) air pollution and ionizing radiation 5)
medications (NSAIDs) 6) coronary artery calcification and carotid wall
,thickness and 7) microbiome 8) small dense LDL particles and
lipoprotein(a) 9) Hyperhomocysteinemia
List nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD - Answer: Advanced age, male
gender or woman after menopause, and family history (genetics,
shared environmental exposure).
List modifiable risk factors for CAD - Answer: Dyslipidemia,
hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes and insulin resistance,
obesity and sedentary lifestyle, and an atherogenic diet.
How does dyslipidemia contribute to CAD? - Answer: High levels of LDL
in the bloodstream leads to LDL oxidation, migration into the vessel
wall, and phagocytosis by macrophages, all key steps in the
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis - Answer: A chronic inflammatory condition that results
in damage to the arteries. Thickening and hardening of the vessels are
caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells)
within the arterial walls, leading to the formation of a plaque.
Optimal lipid panal results - Answer: Total cholesterol (< 200), LDL (<
100), triglycerides (< 150)
What is the response-to-injury hypothesis in the development of
atherosclerotic lesions? - Answer: The earliest event in atherogenesis is
, injury to the endothelium, which could be triggered by hypertension,
circulation of ROS (smoking, pollutants), dyslipidemia, and elevated
A1C.
When foam cells accumulate in a significant amount within the arterial
wall, they form ______ . What is then released? - Answer: a lesion
called a fatty streak; inflammatory cytokines, damaging enzymes, and
growth factors.
Growth factors released released in atherogenesis stimulate _______ ,
which ________ . - Answer: smooth muscle cell proliferation; produce
collagen and migrate over the fatty streak to form a fibrous plaque.
Plaques that have ruptured are called ______ . - Answer: complicated
plaques
Plaque rupture occurs because of the ______ . - Answer: inflammatory
activation of proteinases, apoptosis of cells within the plaque, and
bleeding within the lesion (plaque hemorrhage).
What happens once a plaque ruptures? - Answer: The underlying tissue
is exposed and causes platelet adhesion, initiation of the clotting
cascade, and rapid thrombus formation that can suddenly occlude the
vessel, resulting in ischemia and infarction.
Exam 3 Comprehensive Questions
(Frequently Tested) with Verified
Answers Graded A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
• Proctored Exam Assistance
• Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
• Exam Preparation & Study Materials
• Assignments and Coursework Support
• Essay and Research Paper Writing
• Discussion Posts & Responses
• Editing and Proofreading
• Confidential Academic Consultation
Helping Students Achieve Academic Excellence
List the novel risk factors for CAD - Answer: 1) markers of
inflammation, ischemia, and thrombosis (elevated high sensitivity C-
reactive protein, troponin, fibrinogen) 2) adipokines (leptin,
adiponectin) 3) CKD 4) air pollution and ionizing radiation 5)
medications (NSAIDs) 6) coronary artery calcification and carotid wall
,thickness and 7) microbiome 8) small dense LDL particles and
lipoprotein(a) 9) Hyperhomocysteinemia
List nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD - Answer: Advanced age, male
gender or woman after menopause, and family history (genetics,
shared environmental exposure).
List modifiable risk factors for CAD - Answer: Dyslipidemia,
hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes and insulin resistance,
obesity and sedentary lifestyle, and an atherogenic diet.
How does dyslipidemia contribute to CAD? - Answer: High levels of LDL
in the bloodstream leads to LDL oxidation, migration into the vessel
wall, and phagocytosis by macrophages, all key steps in the
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis - Answer: A chronic inflammatory condition that results
in damage to the arteries. Thickening and hardening of the vessels are
caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells)
within the arterial walls, leading to the formation of a plaque.
Optimal lipid panal results - Answer: Total cholesterol (< 200), LDL (<
100), triglycerides (< 150)
What is the response-to-injury hypothesis in the development of
atherosclerotic lesions? - Answer: The earliest event in atherogenesis is
, injury to the endothelium, which could be triggered by hypertension,
circulation of ROS (smoking, pollutants), dyslipidemia, and elevated
A1C.
When foam cells accumulate in a significant amount within the arterial
wall, they form ______ . What is then released? - Answer: a lesion
called a fatty streak; inflammatory cytokines, damaging enzymes, and
growth factors.
Growth factors released released in atherogenesis stimulate _______ ,
which ________ . - Answer: smooth muscle cell proliferation; produce
collagen and migrate over the fatty streak to form a fibrous plaque.
Plaques that have ruptured are called ______ . - Answer: complicated
plaques
Plaque rupture occurs because of the ______ . - Answer: inflammatory
activation of proteinases, apoptosis of cells within the plaque, and
bleeding within the lesion (plaque hemorrhage).
What happens once a plaque ruptures? - Answer: The underlying tissue
is exposed and causes platelet adhesion, initiation of the clotting
cascade, and rapid thrombus formation that can suddenly occlude the
vessel, resulting in ischemia and infarction.
