Pathophysiology NSG 533 Exam 1
Comprehensive Questions
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Answers Graded A+
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What are the five essential components of pathophysiology? - Answer:
1. Etiology (Causative mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanism)
,4. clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to
happen? May be simple/complex. - Answer: etiology
Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or
populations. This component of disease represents the relationship
between numerous population characteristics (e.g. age, ethnicity,
socioeconomic status, geographic location) and the incidence and
prevalence of disease. - Answer: Epidemiology
Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus
event(s) and the manifestations of the disease. - Answer: pathogenesis
Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is
wrong. e.g. Signs and symptoms - Answer: Clinical manifestations
Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions (cure,
remission, chronicity, or death) - Answer: Outcomes
What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell injury
and death? Give 2 examples of each. - Answer: 1. ATP depletion-
Ischemia and Anemia
,2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation
injury, ischemia reperfusion injury, microbial killing by phagocytes, and
cellular aging
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia and
certain chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can
lead to liver or kidney damage
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today-
and most of the cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell
to produce adequate energy to fuel normal activities of that particular
cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and function. -
Answer: ATP depletion
A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) - Answer:
glycolysis
Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) - Answer:
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP
production? - Answer: hypoxia
, Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of
energy production in the cell. - Answer: Ischemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic
injury? - Answer: 1. The amount of ATP production within the
mitochondria declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which
then leads to increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in K+ in
cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis
(anaerobic metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell
glycogen stores are depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also =
intracellular pH decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of pH
and even slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis.
Leads to fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then
to dissolution of nuclear membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH= rupture
of already swollen lysosomes and release of proteolytic enzymes=
autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and
organelles= activate proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases
that proceed to destroy the cell.
Comprehensive Questions
(Frequently Tested) with Verified
Answers Graded A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
• Proctored Exam Assistance
• Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
• Exam Preparation & Study Materials
• Assignments and Coursework Support
• Essay and Research Paper Writing
• Discussion Posts & Responses
• Editing and Proofreading
• Confidential Academic Consultation
Helping Students Achieve Academic Excellence
What are the five essential components of pathophysiology? - Answer:
1. Etiology (Causative mechanisms)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distribution in populations)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanism)
,4. clinical manifestations (signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, or death)
The "why" of disease- what is the reason for it- what caused it to
happen? May be simple/complex. - Answer: etiology
Looks at the pattern of disease among groups or aggregates or
populations. This component of disease represents the relationship
between numerous population characteristics (e.g. age, ethnicity,
socioeconomic status, geographic location) and the incidence and
prevalence of disease. - Answer: Epidemiology
Involves the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus
event(s) and the manifestations of the disease. - Answer: pathogenesis
Tell an individual and their health care provider that something is
wrong. e.g. Signs and symptoms - Answer: Clinical manifestations
Are relatively easy to understand if you review their definitions (cure,
remission, chronicity, or death) - Answer: Outcomes
What are the 4 common mechanisms that characterize all cell injury
and death? Give 2 examples of each. - Answer: 1. ATP depletion-
Ischemia and Anemia
,2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals- Chemical and radiation
injury, ischemia reperfusion injury, microbial killing by phagocytes, and
cellular aging
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state- Ischemia and
certain chemicals
4. Defects in membrane permeability- Certain medications that can
lead to liver or kidney damage
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today-
and most of the cases involve hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell
to produce adequate energy to fuel normal activities of that particular
cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and function. -
Answer: ATP depletion
A very inefficient method of ATP production (yields 2 ATP) - Answer:
glycolysis
Is a very efficient method of ATP production (yields 36 ATP) - Answer:
Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP
production? - Answer: hypoxia
, Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of
energy production in the cell. - Answer: Ischemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic
injury? - Answer: 1. The amount of ATP production within the
mitochondria declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Which
then leads to increase in NA+,H2O, and Ca+ in cell and decrease in K+ in
cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis
(anaerobic metabolism) increases. When glycolysis increases in the cell
glycogen stores are depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Glycolysis also =
intracellular pH decline ( the cell functions within narrow range of pH
and even slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis.
Leads to fragmentation of the nuclear material (karyorrhexis) and then
to dissolution of nuclear membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH= rupture
of already swollen lysosomes and release of proteolytic enzymes=
autodigestion of cell contents and cell membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and
organelles= activate proteases, endonucleases, and phospholipases
that proceed to destroy the cell.
